Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Water and Wastewater Treatment by Hamidi Abdul Aziz Salem S. Abu Amr

Author:Hamidi Abdul Aziz,Salem S. Abu Amr
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: IGI Global

Table 7. Methods employed to identify intermediate compounds after degradation process of some antibiotics

Antibiotic Degradation method Intermediates identified Description References

Trimethoprim (TMP) Electro-Fenton Aromatic products

Carboxylic acid HPLC and GC-MS were used to identify intermediates.

Evolution of the reactions monitored at different time intervals by measuring the molecular weight of each new formation.

The action of hydroxyl radicals on aromatic intermediates is easier than on carboxylic acids. (Mansour et al., 2015)

Ciprofloxacin Ferrous-activated persulfate N/A Use of MS technology.

3 major degradation pathways were identified with a confirmation of the intermediates. (Ji, Ferronato, Salvador, Yang, & Chovelon, 2014)

Tetracycline γ-radiolysis Phenolic product HPLC and GC-MS technology used to identify species. Aromatic rings form a resonance-stabilised carbon-centred radical followed by elimination of hydroperoxyl radical. (Joonseon Jeong, Song, Cooper, Jung, & Greaves, 2010)

Ampicillin UV irradiation Carbonyl group identified Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis used.

Aromatic ring was targeted for attack by hydroxyl radical. Successful degradation of β-lactam antibiotic increases the bio-availability of the treated solution beneficial for activated sludge in WWTP. (He, Mezyk, Michael, Fatta-Kassinos, & Dionysiou, 2014)

Oxacillin (OXA) Photocatalysis N/A HPLC and MS technology used to identify the present species.

• β-lactam ring is a highly reactive site because carbonyl-nitrogen bond is labile.

• Thioether group has a high nucleophilic character.

• Aromatic ring experiences electrophilic substitutions.

• Oxazolyl substituent enhances the amide activity. (Serna-Galvis et al., 2016)

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