Ucla Anderson Business And Information Technologies (Bit) Project: A Global Study Of Business Practice (2012) by Vandana Mangal Uday Karmarkar

Author:Vandana Mangal, Uday Karmarkar
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2018-08-16T16:00:00+00:00

a For a discussion on the defining characteristics of services vis-à-vis goods, see Apte et al. (2008). Also, for a discussion on the characteristics of services that affect their tradability, see Lennon (2009).

b See White (2007) for a discussion.

c It has now been recognized that “International trade and investment in services are an increasingly important part of global commerce. Advances in information and telecommunication technologies have expanded the scope of services that can be traded cross-border … trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in services have grown faster than in goods over the past decade and a half.” Mattoo et al. (2008).

d According to Apte et al. (2012), information services accounted for about 55% of U.S. GNP in 2007.

e For a discussion on the efforts made by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), see Koncz-Bruner and Flatness (2010).

f For some detailed analysis in the following section, we use shorter sample periods, depending on the data availability.

g The data on services trade have been highly aggregated. Disaggregated data by detailed categories of services are available only for recent years.

h Using bilateral trade data between the U.S. and 31 other countries, Freund and Weinhold (2002) show that the Internet penetration in foreign countries has a positive impact on services trade. Freund and Weinhold (2004) further show that use of the Internet also contributes positively to the growth of merchandise trade. They argue that the Internet stimulates exports by lowering the costs of entering the market. However, using data for a sample of 98 countries that include both developed and developing countries, Clarke and Wallsten (2006) find that Internet penetration has a significant positive effect only on exports from developing to the developed countries and not on exports to developing or from developed to other developed and developing countries.

i These innovations are a major part of the fundamental changes in services, collectively known as service industrialization. For a discussion, see Karmarkar (2010)

j Mithas and Whitakar (2007) empirically show that information-intensive services have in fact been disaggregated globally. Data downloaded in September 2011.

k Freund and Weinhold (2002) also find evidence of a positive impact of growth on services trade.

l Mann and Civril (2008) provide evidence in support of this.

m This category has been referred to as knowledge-intensive services in Co (2007)

n Markusen (1989) modeled this category as capital-intensive service

o Although Belgium and Luxembourg are two different countries, services trade data are reported together.

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