3030013480 by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2018-11-26T06:10:50+00:00

3 FoRMS oF SLAVERY IN THE ITALIAN STATES 107

purchase of slaves and the commerce in captives.21 In addition to the

Trinitari, there were other religious institutions operating in Livorno

with the support of the Grand Duchy, including the Compagnia della

Natività di Maria Vergine e della Santissima Trinità del riscatto. In order

to regulate the competition between the various institutions, a Grand

Duchy Treasury for the redemption of slaves was established in Tuscany.

In Livorno, the Confraternita della Natività e del riscatto had to report

to the new Grand Duchy Treasury. Rival institutions which continued

in the field, especially the Trinitari, retained control over donations

received since the Treasury did not demand otherwise. 22 Finally, one of the groups working in Livorno was concerned exclusively with the

redemption of Jewish slaves.23 The development of redemption institutions—both lay and religious—is indicative of the scale of the economic

interests reliant on the trade in people between the European and the

African continents. Slaves in the Italian area did not only originate from

these “reciprocal” Mediterranean exchanges and they were not only cap-

tives. Among the assorted categories of non-free persons identifiable

in the sources, the majority originated in North Africa or the ottoman

Empire, but there were also some from sub-Saharan Africa and the col-

onies of the wider Atlantic world. Many never returned to the place of

their birth or early years. others, including slaves born on ships, might

not have identified with any particular place or homeland.

3.2 slaves baPtised in naPles: From the atlantic

to the mediterranean

Between the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the Bourbon

Kingdom underwent many political changes, from the proclamation

of the Neapolitan Republic in 1799 and the first Bourbon Restoration

(1799–1805) to the French decade (1806–1815) and the restoration of

the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by Ferdinand IV on 8 December 1816.

The coastal city of Naples and the inland city of Caserta were part of the

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In Naples, there were approximately 30

slaves. The Palace of Caserta was a distinct case and its slaves must be

treated separately from those in the rest of Naples.

Slavery persisted in Naples until at least 1845 and probably until

1856. Despite changes in the law, it appears that unfreemen continued

to work for noble families. This assumption depends on the fact that,

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