The A to Z of Animation and Cartoons by Nichola Dobson

Author:Nichola Dobson [Dobson, Nichola]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Scarecrow Press
Published: 2013-03-14T16:00:00+00:00

– I –

INDIA. See ASIA.

INDUSTRIAL LIGHT AND MAGIC (ILM). Part of the Lucas Films Company founded in 1977 by director George Lucas to create the visual effects for the science fiction epic Star Wars. The effects studio at 20th Century Fox had closed and Lucas needed a California-based effects studio for his movie. Special effects were revolutionized and the studio was the first to use a motion-control camera. In 1979, George Lucas set up a computer division to begin to develop computer-generated imagery (CGI). In 1982, they produced the visual effects for the live-action feature Star Trek II. In 1986, they set up a division specializing in rendering software that became the basis of Pixar films. In 1988, ILM premiered the first “morphing” sequence in the live-action film Willow. ILM created the first computer-generated three-dimensional (3D) character in The Abyss and in 1991 took this further by creating a fully 3D CG character in T2. The studio won an Academy Award in 1993 for its effects work on Death Becomes Her. The effects used to enhance live-action films became more advanced over the years, and in 1999 ILM created the most realistic digital human character (to that date) in The Mummy. The company is included here due to its contribution to CGI technology, which has influenced the animation industry as well as the effects business.

IRELAND. See WESTERN EUROPE.

IRON GIANT, THE. Directed by Brad Bird and released by Warner Brothers, The Iron Giant (1999) is based on the book The Iron Man by Ted Hughes (1968), though some of the details were changed for the film. The story features a boy named Hogarth Hughes who lives with his mother in rural Maine in 1957, at the height of Cold War paranoia. Hogarth befriends a 50-foot giant alien robot who has fallen from the sky. The giant is innocent to the ways of humans and Hogarth attempts to teach him about his life, but while Hogarth tries to keep him a secret, he is eventually discovered.

The giant’s size causes fear in the town and the army is called in as he is perceived as a threat. The antagonistic treatment of the giant by the army reactivates the giant’s weaponry functions, which are inbuilt, and he starts to fight back. The film was made with traditional cel animation, though the giant was created with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Stylistically, the film has the feel of 1950s modernist animation, which suits the period of the story. The film was not as successful at the box office as Bird’s later film, The Incredibles (2004), possibly due to the darker tone this film has with imagery less suited to a family audience. However, the animation is of very high quality.

ITALY. Like many European countries, Italy’s early animators were inspired by the animation from the United States and artists such as Gino Parenti (1871–1943), Umberto Spano, Luigi Giobbe (1907–1945), and the Cossia brothers began creating short films. Just as Winsor McCay and other comic-strip cartoonists had made the

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