Smart Grids by Bernd M. Buchholz & Zbigniew A. Styczynski

Author:Bernd M. Buchholz & Zbigniew A. Styczynski
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783662609309
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Trip of distance relays due to the lack of load and power swing blocking,

Uncoordinated protection and/or overload settings across borders between various network operators,

Low synchro-check settings not corresponding with the current network loading and topology,

Overcurrent backup in parallel with distance or differential protection without time delay,

Development of the network topology without the adaption of the protection schemes and settings.

Special investigations have demonstrated that the selectivity of the protection schemes may be disturbed under certain network conditions.

Consequently, it will become more and more important for the general security of network operations to observe the selectivity of the protection schemes. An important instrument for the prevention of disturbance enlargements is the “Protection Security Assessment” (PSA), demonstrated in Fig. 5.34.

Fig. 5.34Protection security assessment approach

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