On Women by Susan Sontag
Author:Susan Sontag
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Picador
A Womanâs Beauty
Put-Down or Power Source?
For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to callâlamely, enviouslyâwhole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a personâs âinsideâ and âoutside,â they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductiveâand so ugly. One of Socratesâs main pedagogical acts was to be uglyâand teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was.
They may have resisted Socratesâs lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. Being beautiful no longer speaks, presumptively, for the worth of a whole person. We not only split offâwith the greatest facilityâthe âinsideâ (character, intellect) from the âoutsideâ (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good.
It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in classical ideals of human excellence. By limited excellence (virtus in Latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adriftâas an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment. And beauty has continued to lose prestige. For close to two centuries it has become a convention to attribute beauty to only one of the two sexes: the sex which, however Fair, is always Second. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally.
A beautiful woman, we say in English. But a handsome man. âHandsomeâ is the masculine equivalent ofâand refusal ofâa compliment which has accumulated certain demeaning overtones, by being reserved for women only. That one can call a man âbeautifulâ in French and in Italian suggests that Catholic countriesâunlike those countries shaped by the Protestant version of Christianityâstill retain some vestiges of the pagan admiration for beauty. But the difference, if one exists, is of degree only. In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sexâto the detriment of the notion of beauty as well as of women.
To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to womenâs character and concerns. (In contrast to menâwhose essence is to be strong, or effective, or competent.) It does not take someone in the throes of advanced feminist awareness to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty encourages narcissism, reinforces dependence and immaturity. Everybody (women and men) knows that. For it is âeverybody,â a whole society, that has identified being feminine with caring about how one looks. (In contrast to being masculineâwhich is identified with caring about what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks.) Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.
It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful that is wrong but the obligation to beâor to try.
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