Novel Approaches Toward Sustainable Tilapia Aquaculture by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub, pdf
ISBN: 9783031383212
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

6.1 Introduction

Aquaculture is one of the fastest food-producing sectors that can provide protein-rich food to the growing human population (Fiorella et al. 2021; Edwards et al. 2019; Butt et al. 2021). In 2020, fisheries and aquaculture production reached a record of 214 million tons, worth about USD 424 billion (FAO 2022). Tilapia, a member of the Cichlid family, is the second most commonly farmed fish worldwide (Prabu et al. 2019), with a production of 5.584.4 million tons (FAO 2022). Production of tilapia is projected to increase to 7.3 MT by 2030 (FAO 2022; Kobayashi et al. 2015). Currently, tilapia is grown and traded commercially in more than 140 nations worldwide (Munguti et al. 2022). Tilapia is a great choice for warm-water aquaculture because of its many advantages, such as high growth rate, well-adapted, tolerance to stress and diseases, high fertility, rapid rate of generation, acceptance of artificial feeds right away following yolk-sac absorption and capacity to feed at a low trophic level (Ng and Romano 2013). To enhance tilapia production and financial returns, there is currently a paradigm shift away from an extensive aquaculture approach toward super intensive system due to its socioeconomic significance (Henriksson et al. 2021). However, super-intensive aquacultural practices have led to over-reliance on commercial feed, environmental contamination from the release of nutrient-rich water into the environment, and disease outbreaks are all consequences of these aquaculture operations (Abdel-Latif et al. 2020a). One of the biggest issues facing aquaculture growers today is a drop in production caused by pathogens. The most prevalent bacterial infections in tilapia that significantly reduce its yield are Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus iniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae (Eissa et al. 2021; Gewaily et al. 2021). As a result, throughout the past few decades, disease outbreaks have been managed by using antibiotics and chemotherapeutics (Rico et al. 2014). However, their unauthorized use has significantly altered the fish’s microbiota, which may harm their immunity (Kokou et al. 2020; Payne et al. 2021). Additionally, the unrestricted use of antibiotics in aquaculture has resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their metabolites, which have the potential to contaminate aquaculture products intended for human consumption (Henriksson et al. 2018; Miranda et al. 2018). Consuming such tainted aquaculture products could alter human gut microbiota, which could impact human health (Cabello and Godfrey 2016; Henriksson et al. 2018). Since the use of antibiotics in aquaculture has recently been prohibited, research on the use of prebiotics and synbiotics against pathogenic bacteria has come to the fore as one of the most effective environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives to control bacterial outbreaks in aquaculture and to enhance fish growth and immunity (Wee et al. 2022; Yilmaz et al. 2022; Rohani et al. 2022). In light of the importance of tilapia production, this chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the use of prebiotics and synbiotics in tilapia aquaculture while highlighting the growth, immunological parameters, and disease resistance utilized in evaluating fish health following their application.

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