Moments of Decision by Bronner Stephen Eric;

Author:Bronner, Stephen Eric;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Notes

1 Julius Braunthal, History of the International, 3 vols, trans. Henry Collins, Peter Ford, and Kenneth Mitchell (Boulder: Westview, 1980), 3: 2.

2 The postwar case of Austria is indicative of most other European nations. “The collaboration between the two main forces in Austrian politics, which had fought each other between the two world wars, was to last more than two decades and would be resumed in 1987. This grand coalition stemmed from the experiences of Austrian conservatives and Socialists in the Nazi concentration camps, where they had endured the same brutal treatment, got to know one another personally, recognized the mistakes and follies of the past, and pledged to work together in public life if they and their country were ever free again.” Paul Hoffmann, The Viennese: Splendor, Twilight, and Exile (New York: Anchor Press, 1988), p. 299.

3 Braunthal, History of the International, 3: 188–94.

4 It is worth considering that “the superpowers have fought three major limited wars since 1945, but in no case with each other: the possibility of direct Soviet-American military involvement was greatest—although it never happened—during the Korean War; it was much more remote in Vietnam and has remained so in Afghanistan as well. In those few situations where Soviet and American military units have confronted one another directly—the 1948 blockade, the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, and the Cuban missile crisis the following year—great care was taken on both sides to avoid incidents that might have triggered hostilities.” John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 240.

5 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror: An Essay on the Communist Problem, trans. John O’Neill (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969). Perhaps the most intelligent attempt to conceive of a third path was provided by Richard Lowenthal (Paul Sering), Jenseits des Kapitalismus: Ein Beitrag zur sozialistischen Neuorientierung (Berlin: Dietz Nachf, 1977 edn).

6 Gaddis, The Long Peace, pp. 56ff.

7 Frank B. Tipton and Robert Aldrich, An Economic and Social History of Europe: From 1939 to the Present (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 47ff.

8 Franz Schurmann, The Logic of World Power: An Inquiry into the Origins, Currents, and Contradictions of World Politics (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974), p. 72.

9 Walter LaFeber, America, Russia and the Cold War 1945–1984 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, 1985), pp. 59–61.

10 Henry Pachter, The Fall and Rise of Europe: A Political. Social, and Cultural History of the Twentieth Century (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975), p. 339.

11 Ibid., p. 278.

12 Hugh Thomas, Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War 1945–46 (New York: Atheneum, 1987), pp. 364ff.

13 And so, “the world was treated to the spectacle of a social upheaval that was unlike any previous revolution. At the beginning of the Russian Revolution there was the Word. The revolution began from a mighty popular movement. For the purposes of self-defense it then built up its own police and invested it with enormous power. Then the new state succumbed to its own instrument—it turned into a police state.

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