Languages of Belonging by Chitralekha Zutshi

Author:Chitralekha Zutshi
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Permanent Black

1 See Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), and to a lesser extent, Nita Kumar, Lessons from Schools: The History of Education in Banaras (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000), for a detailed discussion of this perspective.

2 There are numerous works on this issue, including Krishna Kumar, Political Agenda of Education: A Study of Colonialist and Nationalist Ideas (New Delhi: Sage, 1991); Suresh Chandra Ghosh, Indian Nationalism: A Case Study for the First University Reform by the British Raj (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1985); Aparna Basu, The Growth of Education and Political Development in India, 1898– 1920 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1974); and for Kashmir, Hari Om, Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir: A Study in the Spread of Education and Consciousness, 1857–1925 (New Delhi: Archives Publishers, 1986). A select few works have related education to questions of occupation, class, language, religious identity and social status, producing a more complex picture of the ground realities of education in colonial India. For instance, although Nita Kumar's work does make a general argument for the hegemonic and homogenizing nature of the colonial educational enterprise, it also very effectively relates education to issues of class, gender, occupation and technologies of social production. For other works, see Narayani Gupta, Delhi Between Two Empires, 1803-1931: Society, Government, and Urban Growth (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981), chapter 4; Ayesha Jalal, Self and Sovereignty, chapter 3; and for postcolonial India, Suzanne Hoeber Rudolph and Lloyd I. Rudolph, eds., Education and Politics in India: Studies in Organization, Society, and Policy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972).

3 Kumar, Lessons from Schools, 14.

4 C.E. Tyndale Biscoe, Kashmir in Sunlight and Shade: A Description of the Beauties of the Country, the Life, Habits, and Humor of its Inhabitants and an Account of the Gradual but Steady Rebuilding of a Once Down-trodden people (London: Seeley, Service & Co. Limited, 1922), 253.

5 Charles Girdlestone, Memorandum on Cashmere and Adjacent Territories (Calcutta: Foreign Department Press, 1874).

6 Sufi, Kashir, vol. II, 790–1.

7 Aurel Stein, Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Raghu Natha Temple Library of His Highness, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (London: Luzac, 1900; repr., Bombay: Nirnaya-Sagara Press, 1983), vi.

8 Sufi, Kashir, vol. II, 791.

9 Om, Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir, 21.

10 Sayyid Mohammad Farooq Bukhari, Kashmir me Arbi Sher wa Adab ki Tarikh [The History of Arabic Poetry and Literature in Kashmir] (Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, 1993), 56.

11 Gulab Bhawan Research Series, vol. I (Jammu, 1979), 5.

12 The administration report of 1873 mentions the existence of state schools only in the city of Srinagar, where state expenditure on education amounted to Rs 36,372. See Administration Report of Jammu and Kashmir State, 1873, 114.

13 Proceedings of the Christian Missionary Society in Africa and Asia for the year 1884–85 (London, 1885), 122.

14 Kumar, Political Agenda of Education, 24–6.

15 Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, 122.

16 Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest, 149.

17 Kumar, Political Agenda of Education, 34, and Rudolph and Rudolph, eds.

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