International Trade and FDI by Warnock Davies

Author:Warnock Davies
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Business Expert Press
Published: 2023-09-15T00:00:00+00:00

CHAPTER 8

The GATT and the WTO

Contents

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Origins of the GATT

8.2.1 International Trade and the Great Depression

8.2.1.1 Trade as a Zero-Sum Game

8.2.1.2 The Minus-Sum Downward Spiral

8.2.2 The New Political, Security, and Economic Order

8.2.2.1 The United Nations

8.2.2.2 The World Bank and the IMF

8.2.2.3 The Third Mechanism

8.2.3 The GATT Initiative

8.2.3.1 The Implementation of the GATT Instrument

8.2.3.2 The Protocol of Provisional Application

8.2.4 The ITO Initiative

8.2.4.1 The ITO Charter

8.2.4.2 ITO Ratification

8.3 The GATT Instrument and Mechanism

8.3.1 GATT Operational Issues

8.3.2 Reciprocal and Mutually Advantageous Arrangements

8.4 The Primary Operational Provisions

8.4.1 Most-Favored-Nation

8.4.1.1 The MFN Concept

8.4.1.2 Conditional and Unconditional Forms

8.4.1.3 The Origins of the Term

8.4.1.4 Conditional and Unconditional Usage

8.4.1.5 The GATT MFN Clause

8.4.1.6 The GATT MFN Process

8.4.1.7 Exceptions to the MFN Requirement

8.4.2 National Treatment

8.4.3 Multilateral Trade Negotiations

8.4.3.1 The Annecy to Tokyo Rounds

8.4.3.2 The Uruguay Round

8.4.3.3 Multilateral and Plurilateral Agreements

8.4.4 The Extraordinary Success of the GATT

8.5 The Establishment of the WTO

8.5.1 Structure

8.5.1.1 The Secretariat, Bodies, and Hierarchy

8.5.1.2 Decision-Making

8.5.2 Membership

8.5.2.1 Separate Customs Territories

8.5.2.2 Members and Observers

8.5.3 Expanded Scope and Functions

8.5.3.1 Trade in Services and Intellectual Property

8.5.3.2 The Addition of Investment

8.6 WTO Operational Issues

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