Farm motors; steam and gas engines, hydraulic and electric motors, traction engines, automobiles, animal motors, windmills by Potter A. A. (Andrey Abraham) b. 1882

Author:Potter, A. A. (Andrey Abraham), b. 1882
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Farm engines
Publisher: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company
Published: 1917-03-25T05:00:00+00:00

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Front and Rear Axles. —The front axles are of a construction which permits the wheels to pivot near the hub. With this construction there is not the tendency for the wheel to swing

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around when striking an obstruction in the road. The steering knuckles are a part of the front axle, on which the front wheels revolve. Steering arms are inserted in the knuckles and connect together with an adjustable tie-rod so that both knuckles turn simultaneously. A third arm attached to the left-hand knuckle connects the steering gear by means of the steering connecting rod. In Fig. 144 the various parts of the front axles are illustrated. Some front axles are constructed of heavy steel tubes, with dropped forged axle ends. The majority of automobiles are constructed with front axles which are drop-forged I-beam sections (Fig. 144).

Fig. 144.—Details of front axle.

The rear axle of the automobile carries the differential and the two rear wheels. In one type of rear axle, called the semi-floating type, the axles carry the entire load. In the full-floating axle the weight of the car is carried by a housing through which the axle passes. In the full-floating axle the shaft may be removed without disturbing the wheel or the differential.

Steering and Control Systems. —Automobiles are steered by means of a hand wheel which is located on the top of the steering column. The steering gear operates on the front axle, through the steering connecting rod, and turns the knuckles and front wheels. The steering column (Fig. 145) usually contains several concentric tubes with connections to the alarm, the throttle control, the spark control, and the steering mechanism which reduces the motion of the steering wheel.

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Fig. 145.—Steering gear.

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The worm-and-nut form of steering gear (Fig. 145) consists of a double-threaded worm attached to the hand wheel and two half nuts, one of which has a right-handed thread and the other a left-handed thread. If the steering wheel is turned, one of the half nuts moves up and the other down, thus turning the steering yoke and moving the pitman arm back and forth. The motion of the pitman arm is transmitted to the steering knuckles and front wheels.

Another form of steering gear consists of a worm-and-worm gear (Fig. 146). The worm-gear shaft carries the pitman arm,

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Fig. 146.—Worm-and-worm-gear steering mechanism.

which transmits the motion of the steering wheel to the steering knuckles and to the front wheels.

The spark and the carburetor throttle-control levers are usually located on top of the steering wheel (Fig. 145), but, in some few makes of cars, under the wheel on the steering post. The speed of the autoinobile motor is controlled by the throttle and spark levers.

The largest number of cars are provided with two methods of throttle control, the band throttle-control lever on the steering wheel and a foot control of the throttle, commonly called the

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accelerator. The foot throttle-control lever is usually employed when shifting the transmission gears, as one hand is required to operate the gear-shifting lever while the other is engaged in steering the car.

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