Designing Sustainable Technologies, Products and Policies by Enrico Benetto Kilian Gericke & Mélanie Guiton

Author:Enrico Benetto, Kilian Gericke & Mélanie Guiton
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

3.2 Double Counting

Double counting problem is hardly discussed in the literature of TIMES-LCA linking [5]. Part of the energy and emissions considered in TIMES models is used to deliver intermediate products that are already accounted in LCI, resulting in double counting [5, 6]. For example, the output of the cement sector is typically considered independent of other demands in TIMES models but will be used to build the infrastructure that is already included in LCIs. As pointed by Ref. [6], this can be mitigated by presenting relative results between scenarios, where double counting effects cancel out, to some extent. This limitation is not exclusive of TIMES models. A recent review of integrated assessment models stated that most of them miss linkages related to infrastructure and ignore material cycles, which are the fundamental characteristics of the life cycle perspective [22]. Constructing more “circular” RES in TIMES models is challenging, as the models need to be calibrated using national statistics, and these do not necessarily have a high level of detail of material flows leaving each sector. Studies linking TIMES with EEIO data have more thoughtfully addressed double counting, erasing manually repeated areas of the inventory [8–10]. Reference [10] used fixed input-output coefficients to adjust the exogenously defined demands (e.g. the steel demand from energy technologies is used to adjust the energy demand of steel production). Ideally, these demand corrections would be calculated endogenously by the TIMES model, but that would require substantial additional linking of processes.

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