Black Nationalism in American History by Newman Mark;

Author:Newman, Mark;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press

Notes

1.Edward E. Curtis IV, Islam in Black America: Identity, Liberation, and Difference in African-American Islamic Thought (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), pp. 6–7, 16–18, 21–2, 33, 45–8, 50–1, 53–6, 61–2; E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 34; Dawn-Marie Gibson, A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom (Santa Barbara, Denver and Oxford: Praeger, 2012), pp. 1–10; Sylviane A. Diouf, Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (New York and London: New York University Press, 1998). Curtis notes that many scholars date the MTSA’s founding to New Jersey in 1913 but, convincingly, argues that the evidence suggests a later founding. Curtis, Islam in Black America, pp. 47–8.

2.C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America, 3rd edn (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans; and Trenton: Africa World Press, 1994), pp. 48–52, 257; Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism, p. 35; Dean E. Robinson, Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 34–5, 56; Claude Andrew Clegg III, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), pp. 19–20; Karl Evanzz, The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad (New York: Vintage, 1999), pp. 66–7; Rodney Carlisle, The Roots of Black Nationalism (Port Washington, NY and London: Kennikat Press, 1975), pp. 135–6; Curtis, Islam in Black America, p. 48; Ernest Allen, Jr, ‘Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam’, Black Scholar 26 (Fall–Winter 1996), p. 8.

3.Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism, pp. 35–6, 43; Evanzz, Messenger, pp. 73–4, 398–417; Karl Evanzz, ‘Nation of Islam’s Founder was Afghani; Suffered from Diabetes’, available at <http://mxmission.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/four-faces-of-wali-d-fard-muhammad.html> (last accessed 6 July 2016); Gibson, A History of the Nation of Islam, pp. 22–6; Clegg, An Original Man, pp. 20–1.

4.Clegg, An Original Man, pp. 41–8.

5.Clegg, An Original Man, pp. 49–62; Hatim A. Sahib, ‘The Nation of Islam’, Contributions in Black Studies 13 (1995), pp. 73–4, 96–7, available at <http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol13/iss1/3> (last accessed 6 July 2016).

6.Clegg, An Original Man, pp. 63–7, 70; Sahib, ‘Nation of Islam’, p. 71.

7.Clegg, An Original Man, pp. 22, 62–3; Sahib, ‘Nation of Islam’, pp. 57, 59–60, 68–72, 74, 94–5, 119 n. 7, 148, 150; Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Allen Lane, 2011), p. 85; Louis A. DeCaro, Jr, Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity (New York and London: New York University Press, 1998), pp. 41–2; Evanzz, Messenger, pp. 102–5.

8.Erdmann Doane Beynon, ‘The Voodoo Cult among Negro Migrants in Detroit’, American Journal of Sociology 43 (May 1938), pp. 897–9, 902; Clegg, An Original Man, pp. 27–8.

9.Beynon, ‘Voodoo Cult among Negro Migrants in Detroit’, pp. 895, 898–900; Clegg, An Original Man, pp. 72–3; Sahib, ‘Nation of Islam’, p. 94; DeCaro, Malcolm and the Cross, pp. 14–18.

10.Beynon, ‘Voodoo Cult among Negro Migrants in Detroit’, pp. 898–9.

11.Beynon, ‘Voodoo Cult among Negro Migrants in Detroit’, pp. 902, 905–6; Clegg, An Original Man, p. 25; Sahib, ‘Nation of Islam’, p.

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