Bernard Malamud by Aarons Victoria; Aarons Victoria; Canales Gustavo Sanchez

Author:Aarons, Victoria; Aarons, Victoria; Canales, Gustavo Sanchez
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Wayne State University Press

NOTES

1.All translations of target texts, censorship documents, and names of Spanish institutions are mine. Likewise, all emphases within quotations are mine.

2.On the figure of Maurice Samuel and the reasons for undertaking this project, see Kessner 95–96.

3.On the treatment of the Holocaust in Malamud’s earlier short fiction, see Watts.

4.Langer relates The Fixer primarily to the prison literature of Dostoevsky, Koestler, and Solzhenitsyn, as a “story of an individual whose moral sensibilities are assaulted by an external oppression which breeds internal resistance” (118). In that Yakov’s endurance finally results in a hope for real justice (the trial) and a moral triumph over the conspirators, his experience is incomparable to Holocaust narratives.

5.In Greek myth, Charon ferries the dead across the river Styx into the underworld. Yakov’s trip involves a “passing” or symbolic death, as he sheds his Jewish shtetl identity by dropping the “prayer things . . . into the Dnieper” (The Fixer 28), scared by the boatman’s antisemitic rant.

6.The term’s implications are twofold. The Emancipation Edict (1861), decreed by Tsar Alexander II, freed peasants from serfdom, ending a predominant feudal system (Service 28). Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (1863), based on his constitutional authority as president, decreed freedom for slaves in all rebel states during the U.S. Civil War.

7.Two relevant studies of censorship in Franco’s Spain are Abellán’s Censura y creación literaria en España, with a focus on literature, and Román Gubern’s La censura, with a focus on cinema.

8.“¿Ataca el Dogma? ¿A la moral? ¿A la Iglesia o a sus ministros? ¿Al Régimen y a sus instituciones? ¿A las personas que colaboran o han colaborado con el Régimen?” I deliberately use “attack” to translate the verb atacar (meaning “criticize”) but in a martial language register, characteristic of the era’s official rhetoric. Note that Régimen is derogatory in today’s Spanish but was not during Francoism, when the term had an official status.

9.“Los pasajes censurables ¿califican el contenido total de la obra?”

10.For an overview of the stages and tensions in the development of a “national” culture, the shifts in university and educational policies, Arias Salgado’s period of office as minister for education and tourism, and the rising influence of Opus Dei technocrats in policy making, see Paine, 434–39.

11.After having held several high-ranking positions with the Franco regime, Fraga played an active role in the Transición into democracy, as one of the “founding fathers” of the Spanish 1977 constitution. He was the founder and national head of the conservative party Alianza Popular (AP; later Partido Popular), but the poor results of AP in early general elections led him to successfully retreat into regional politics in his native Galicia, which he governed from 1990 to 2005.

12.“Ley 14/1966, de 18 de marzo, de Prensa e Imprenta,” Boletín Oficial del Estado 67 (19 March 1966): 3310–15. Often quoted as “Ley de Libertad [freedom] de Prensa,” the reference to freedom is not in the law’s title. Article 1 broadly decrees “freedom of expression in print,” yet article 2 itemizes as the “only restrictions” to article 1 “respect for truth and

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