Beginner’s Guide to the Cosmos: Big Bang; Stars; Life; and the Ultimate Future of the Universe by Ahmad Mansoor Ramizy

Author:Ahmad Mansoor Ramizy [Ramizy, Ahmad Mansoor]
Language: eng
Format: mobi
Published: 2020-03-27T00:00:00+00:00

The industrial revolution

It is now crucially important to investigate the industrial revolution, taking place between 1760s and 1840s. During this period, new methods of manufacturing enabled an increase in the economy of countries, mainly Great Britain and the United States of America. Steam engines provided the lift; steam was the invention of this period, at least a better version of it. Steam engines are more or less like a petrol engine, but instead of fuel, they have a boiler where water is heated through coal, the heated water vapor travels through a cylinder or series of cylinders and pushes a piston inside the cylinders up and down, creating movement energy from heat energy. It was first invented by Thomas Savery (1650-1715)[57] in 1698; he used it to pump water out of the coal mines. The invention was developed further until the industrial revolution; it was developed into a much sophisticated and complex machine that was used in industries with different sizes to come; it also enabled a fast transportation of goods, using the steam powered trains.

The industrial revolution changed the world; new politics was devised; new technologies gradually came into being to help the industrial pace move forward. But by the late 19th century, influential thinkers put great ideas and theories forward that are of great importance to us now, and far into the future. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)[58] was one of those influential thinkers; he solved the photoelectric effect, that won him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1905. Einstein’s second greatest achievement, theories of general and special relativity is undoubtedly another breakthrough in science, which, as an example, helped us build and send GPS satellites around the Earth’s orbit to help us with navigations, and much more.

The laws of quantum mechanics evolving over a very long period during the 19th and 20th centuries enabled us to invent transistors, and thus microchips. Microchips and transistors are the core of every electronic gadget one sees around oneself; from phones, to TVs, computers, satellites, etc. However, the most significant invention of all during this period of scientific revolution was the internet; during the 1960s, France, the United Kingdom and the United States’ Departments of Defense laid the concepts of long-distance communication in a series of interconnected computers. During the 1980s, the concept of World Wide Web (WWW) was developed in the internet by Tim Berners-Lee (Born in 1955)[59], an English researcher at CERN in Switzerland; the WWW would be accessible by any internet nodes around the world. Soon during the 90s and 2000s, the internet began making a huge impact on the world; all of a sudden, cultures were mixed, borders eradicated, and the world became closer than ever. After the start of the 21st century, social media platforms started to dominate the internet; websites such as Facebook, Wikipedia, Google, Skype, Twitter, etc (Figure 15) connected and empowered the world all around us. For instance, Encyclopedias proved to be one of the resourceful places to visit, if one needs information about literally anything.

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