AP® World History: Modern Crash Course, For the New 2020 Exam, Book + Online by Harmon Jay P.;

Author:Harmon, Jay P.;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Research & Education Association
Published: 2019-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

A.Reactions of Africans to European imperialism ranged from warfare, to reluctant acceptance, to full cooperation. The French spent years subduing local rebellions in North Africa. The British battled Zulus and Dutch Boers in Southern Africa, and Muslims in Sudan. The Boer War left hundreds of thousands of casualties. At the end of the 19th century, descendants of Dutch settlers believed the newly arrived British were violating their property rights to land and slaves. In addition, they were angry about the gold and diamonds the British were hauling out of the territory once claimed by Boers.

1.Christian missionaries had some success spreading their faith in sub-Saharan Africa, but made no progress in the Muslim north. Europeans were determined to “civilize” the native population by dressing them in Western fashions and teaching them Western ways.

2.Other Africans signed treaties and acted as guides and interpreters for Europeans. Still others cooperated fully with the European powers. Often these were members of the African ruling elite families. They benefited financially and materially from working closely with the outsiders. Some were sent to Europe for full indoctrination into Western culture. After returning to their homelands, many of these elites began preparing independence movements.

3.Still other sub-Saharan Africans believed a spiritual movement would expel the foreigners. The Xhosa people in South Africa killed their cattle and burned their crops after a prophecy claimed that this would force the British to leave. After that, new cattle and crops would miraculously be restored to a revived Xhosa nation. Sadly, about 40,000 Xhosa people died of starvation.

B.REACTIONS BY ASIANS TO IMPERIALISM

1.In Asia, the same pattern emerged as in Africa: Some local people rebelled violently, while others tried to fit in to the colonial powers’ ways of life. Military resistance to European occupation occurred in Afghanistan (against the British), the Philippines (against the U.S.) and in China, against foreigners in general. There, the Taiping and Boxer rebellions were highly anti-foreign in their nature.

2.In the mid-19th century in India, the “native” army, who were employed by the British colonial government and the East India Company, rebelled. It took British and pro-British Indian forces a year to suppress them. This resulted in the end of the Mughal dynasty which had ruled India since the 16th century, the dissolution of the East India Company, and the beginnings of the British raj over India.

3.Korea fought against French and later U.S. forces who sought trade agreements like those made with Japan and China.

4.There were also examples of cooperation. Many Indian soldiers remained loyal to the British in the Indian rebellion. The king of Siam (Thailand) decided to proactively deflect European colonization by inviting British representatives to help westernize his country.

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