Addictive Disorders in Arctic Climates by Segal Bernard;Korolenko Caesar; & Caesar Korolenko

Author:Segal, Bernard;Korolenko, Caesar; & Caesar Korolenko [Segal, Bernard & Korolenko, Caesar]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Published: 2022-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

Psychosocial Development

Among members of the first type or group, development was characterized by intellectual, emotional, and social immaturity. Although they achieved well academically in school, they nevertheless failed to develop a general sense of sophistication, being specifically unconcerned about cultural values. Their interests were limited and they showed no concern for intellectual matters. In a word, they were shallow. Moreover, they appeared to show little motivation to expand their horizons.

They read little, describing it as hard and boring, and tended to experience unpleasant emotional reactions when reading fiction. At home they preferred to amuse themselves by watching trivial films on TV, or chat with girlfriends. They especially liked rhythmic rock music. Their interests developed in conformance with contemporary fads. In childhood, and especially during adolescence, they showed a particularly strong tendency toward a need to form hero-images, such as film-stars, popular rock singers, or bards.

This group also typified little interest in accomplishing anything. The primary thing that they wanted was a desire for a carefree life and to be constantly happy, without putting forth any effort. Ethical and moral standards were superficial and weakly developed. Moral responsibility, the necessity to keep promises and to meet their responsibilities were lacking. They were sexually active, based more on urge than on romantic attachment. Their creed was to live for only today and not to think about the future.

Their behavior was mainly chaotic, and chiefly motivated by a need to derive pleasure. Their behavior became predictable. They repeatedly invested a large amount of energy in seeking good times, smoking and drinking, and chatting. For amusement they skipped classes, did not prepare homework, and cheated on teachers and parents. They did not experience guilt, and a fear of punishment was absent. They were governed more by gratification of an immediate need than by concern with any long term consequences of their behavior. All this behavior was, in varying degrees, a function of their family situation.

The development of the women in the second group, who came from antisocial backgrounds, was also intellectually and socially immature. Their interests in understanding such things as cultural norms, current events and personal hygiene were minimal. The interests they developed were expressions of their parents’ values, and did not contain any independent thinking. In many cases the women were fearful of their parents’ reaction to any assertive behavior they may have shown. Members of this group had constant nightmares. In 5 cases enuresis nocturnal occurred early in their development, and lasted till the age of 12. Intellectual and social development lagged. They received little sympathy or empathy from their parents. Their own empathic skills developed poorly; they could not imagine how others felt and expressed little compassion for relatives and friends. In brief, their behavior was largely egotistical.

This same group experienced extreme stress in their families, which was reflected in repeated fights and beatings by their mothers and fathers. This constant struggle led to situations in which they wanted to be at home as rarely as possible, especially when the father was drunk.

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