A Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives by Ruth Winter

Author:Ruth Winter [Winter, M.S., Ruth]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 978-0-307-45259-7
Publisher: Crown Publishing Group
Published: 2009-04-14T04:00:00+00:00

I

IARC • The abbreviation for the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization. The IARC monographs identify environmental factors that can increase the risk of human cancer. These include chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical and biological agents, and lifestyle factors. National health agencies use this information as scientific support for their actions to prevent exposure to potential carcinogens. Interdisciplinary working groups of expert scientists review the published studies and evaluate the weight of the evidence that an agent can increase the risk of cancer. The principles, procedures, and scientific criteria that guide the evaluations are described in the preamble to the IARC monographs. Since 1971 more than nine hundred additives have been evaluated, of which approximately four hundred have been identified as carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic to humans. IARC's mission is to coordinate and conduct research on the causes of human cancer, the mechanisms of carcino-genesis, and to develop scientific strategies for cancer control. The agency is involved in both epidemiological and laboratory research and disseminates scientific information through publications, meetings, courses, and fellowships.

ICELAND MOSS EXTRACT • The extract of Lichen islandicus. A water-soluble gum that gels on cooling. Used to flavor alcoholic beverages only. NIL

IgE • Antibodies that are responsible for the majority of allergic reactions. Medical scientists feel that if their efforts succeed in suppressing IgE formation, they will have a method of not only more effectively treating allergies but also of preventing many of them from occurring. See also Antibody.

IGF-1 • The abbreviation for insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which was once called somatomedin C. It is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. Growth hormone may act directly on tissues, but much of its effect is mediated by stimulation of the liver and other tissues to produce and release insulinlike growth factors, primarily IGF-1. The name reflects the fact that hormones have insulinlike actions in some tissues, but in fact they are far less potent than insulin in decreasing blood sugar concentrations, and their fundamental action is to stimulate growth. Allegations have been made that milk from treated cows may cause breast cancer. The FDA says the consumption of dietary IGF-1 in milk from cows given growth hormone plays no role in inducing or promoting any human disease, including breast cancer. See Bovine Somatotropin and Growth Hormone.

IMAZALIL • An antifungal used on dried citrus pulp for animal feed. FDA residue tolerance is 25 ppm in the pulp and 0.01 to 0.50 ppm in cattle fats, swine, sheep, and milk.

IMAZETHAPYR • An herbicide used on soybeans. FDA residue tolerance is 0.1 ppm.

IMIDAZOLE • Glyoxaline. White crystalline base made by the action of ammonia and formaldehyde on glyoxal. It is used as a biological control of pests and as an antihistamine.

IMIDAZOLIDINYL UREA • A bactericidal preservative with a low toxicity in animals. Sensitivity reactions have been reported in humans.

IMIDAZOLINE • A derivative of imidazole (see) also called glyoxalidine.

IMITATION • A flavor containing any portion of nonnatural materials. For instance, unless a strawberry flavoring is made entirely from strawberries, it must be called imitation.

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