Psychology of Driving by Hole Graham
Author:Hole, Graham [Неизв.]
Language: eng
Format: epub, pdf
Publisher: Taylor & Francis (CAM)
Published: 2018-09-09T20:00:00+00:00
Conclusion
The research described in this chapter suggests that the âproblemâ of older drivers has been over-stated. In itself, chronological age is a poor predictor of driving ability, and many older drivers are perfectly safe. In healthy individuals, age-related declines in visual and cognitive performance are relatively small and research has consistently failed to show any strong correlations between eyesight measures, cognitive measures and accident rates.
A number of studies have looked at whether mandatory age-related re-licensing laws work in practice. Comparisons between countries or states that have such laws and similar regions that do not (for example, Finland versus Sweden, New South Wales versus Victoria, various US states) generally find that re-testing has no effect on accident rates amongst elderly drivers. There are many possible reasons for this, including the fact that re-licensing usually involves an eye test, which, as we have seen, is unlikely to identify many unsafe drivers anyway.
There is little evidence that poor visual acuity is a major factor in the increased accident risk of the elderly (or for anyone else, for that matter). This is partly because the basic capacities of the visual system are more than enough for the demands made by driving. Lane-keeping and collision-avoidance can be achieved without fine-detail vision. Many stimuli in driving merely require detection, which is an easier task than identification. For example, at a junction, one just needs to see that âsomethingâ is approaching, as opposed to identifying the make and model of the vehicle concerned. When identification is required â such as when reading road signs â the information is often well above perceptual thresholds (signs are bold, high-contrast simplified pictures designed to be easy to distinguish); it contains a degree of redundancy (e.g., signs are often repeated); and the self-paced nature of driving makes it possible for drivers to cope (e.g., they can slow down to give themselves more time to read a road sign, they can avoid driving fast at night, and so on). The importance of detection over identification explains why diseases that impair peripheral vision have more consequence for driving safety. Another factor is that much of driving is a highly predictable activity. The road environment is generally highly structured and consistent. This enables drivers to act on the basis of what they expect to encounter, rather than have to perform a detailed visual analysis of everything around them.
In recent years, research has shifted towards examining the effectiveness of test batteries that include Useful Field of View tests and assessments of cognitive performance derived from neuropsychological research. However, any screening tests for elderly drivers, whether of eyesight or cognitive abilities, are unlikely to be cost-effective for two reasons. Firstly, a large number of elderly drivers would need to be tested in order to identify a minority who posed any risk. Secondly, because these tests are fairly weak predictors of actual driving performance, you would get unacceptably large numbers of false negative and false positive results â perfectly safe drivers would be misidentified as being at risk and vice versa.
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