Policing the Black Man by Angela J. Davis

Author:Angela J. Davis
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
Published: 2017-07-10T16:00:00+00:00

NOTES

1. Scholars have called for a national database of police uses of deadly force. See, e.g., D. Klinger, R. Rosenfield, D. Isom, and M. Deckard, “Race, Crime and the Microecology of Deadly Force,” Criminology & Public Policy 15, no. 1 (2016): 193–222.

2. See, e.g., Uniform Crime Report (2014), “Law Enforcement Officers Killed & Assaulted, 2013,” https://www.fbi.gov/​about-us/​cjis/​ucr/​leoka/​2013/​officers-feloniously-killed/​felonious_topic_page_2013.pdf. According to this report, in 2013 twenty-seven law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty (this number includes sworn officers in city, county, state, tribal, federal, and college positions).

3. Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/​graphics/​national/​police-shootings/; The Guardian: http://www.theguardian.com/​us-news/​ng-interactive/​2015/​jun/​01/​the-counted-police-killings-us-database#.

4. https://www.washingtonpost.com/​graphics/​national/​police-shootings-2016/.

5. The Associated Press–NORC Center for Public Affairs Research (2015), “New Survey on Americans’ Views on Law Enforcement, Violence and Race,” http://www.apnorc.org/​PDFs/​Police%20Violence/​Race%20and%20Policing%20Press%20Release.pdf.

6. The website for Project Implicit: https://implicit.harvard.edu/​implicit/​takeatest.html.

7. Chris Mooney, “Across America, Whites Are Biased and They Don’t Even Know It,” Washington Post Wonkblog, Dec. 8, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/​news/​wonk/​wp/​2014/​12/​08/​across-america-whites-are-biased-and-they-dont-even-know-it/ (last accessed, Nov. 11, 2015).

8. See Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003). Bonilla-Silva begins his book by discussing this duality: “Nowadays, except for members of white supremacist organizations, few whites in the United States claim to be ‘racist.’ Most whites assert they ‘don’t see any color, just people’; that although the ugly face of discrimination is still with us, it is no longer the central factor determining minorities’ life chances…” (p. 1).

9. P. L. Reichel, “Southern Slave Patrols as a Transitional Police Type,” American Journal of Police 7 (1988): 51.

10. Ibid.

11. Sally Hadden, Slave Patrols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 60.

12. Carol Archbold, Policing: A Text/Reader (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2013), 5.

13. Ibid., 4.

14. R. R. Banks, J. L. Eberhardt, and Lee Ross, “Discrimination and Implicit Bias in a Racially Unequal Society,” California Law Review 94 (2006): 1169.

15. E. Frenkel-Brunswik, “Intolerance of Ambiguities as an Emotional and Perceptual Personality Variable,” Journal of Personality 18 (1949): 108–43.

16. P. Devine, “Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989): 5.

17. See, e.g., Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, “State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review 2014,” http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/​wp-content/​uploads/​2014/​03/​2014-implicit-bias.pdf (last accessed Nov. 1, 2015); Kenneth Lawson, “Police Shootings of Black Men and Implicit Racial Bias: Can’t We All Just Get Along,” University of Hawai’i Law Review 37 (2015): 339; J. T. Clemons, “Blind Injustice: The Supreme Court, Implicit Racial Bias and the Racial Disparity in the Criminal Justice System,” American Criminal Law Review 51 (2014): 689.

18. Saturday Night Live transcript, season 1, episode 7, http://snltranscripts.jt.org/​75/​75ginterview.phtml, aired on Dec. 13, 1975 (last accessed October 31, 2015).

19. J. Eberhardt, A. Goff, V. Purdie, and P. Davies, “Seeing Black: Race, Crime and Visual Processing,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004): 876, 886 (see 885–88 for more details of this study).

20. Ibid., 888.

21. Ibid., 889.

22. Ibid., 876.

23. E. A. Plant and B. M. Peruche, “The Consequences of Race for Police Officers’ Responses to Criminal Suspects,” Psychological Science 16, no. 3 (2005).

24. B. M. Peruche and E. A. Plant, “The Correlates of Law Enforcement Officers’ Automatic and Controlled Race-Based Responses to Criminal Suspects,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 28, no.

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