Maritime Cybersecurity: A Guide for Leaders and Managers by Phd Steven D Shepard & Phd Gary C Kessler

Author:Phd Steven D Shepard & Phd Gary C Kessler [Steven D Shepard, Phd]
Language: eng
Format: mobi
ISBN: 9798676215354
Publisher: Independently Published
Published: 2020-09-01T21:00:00+00:00

Chapter 6:

Navigation Systems

Introduction

Shipboard navigation systems have evolved tremendously since humans started traveling on the open ocean. Mariners relied on their experience, intuition, and knowledge of nature and the seas for a couple thousand years before the introduction of instruments in the second century. The evolution from the astrolabe and charts to maritime chronometers and radio-assisted navigation took another 500-700 years. In the last 100 years, we have seen radio, radar, and satellites assist in accurate position, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems. This chapter focuses on cybersecurity vulnerabilities of the most widely used navigation systems on boats, namely Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), particularly the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the Automatic Identification System (AIS).

Integrated Navigation Systems

The command center of a vessel is the bridge, the place where the monitoring and management of all of the ship’s control systems are coordinated. An integrated navigation system (INS) is the hardware and software on the bridge where all functions related to navigation and safe operation are consolidated into a single console or suite of displays. An INS integrates the input from many of the ship’s subsystems, including:

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