Dysexecutive Syndromes by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030250775
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

8.3.2 Subcortical Disorders

ED is also present in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD), in which the hallmark symptoms are motor disturbances. This ED is reflected by worsened performance in several aspects of EF (e.g., set shifting, inhibitory control, reasoning, planning, and problem solving) which impacts the patients’ daily lives (Kamei et al., 2008). This dysfunction includes behavioral as well as cognitive disturbances, whose impact should be carefully assessed (Ceravolo, Pagni, Tognoni, & Bonuccelli, 2012; Gruszka, Hampshire, Barker, & Owen, 2017).

Moreover, DES has been described at the early stages of PD (Foltynie, Brayne, Robbins, & Barker, 2004) and could include deficits of working memory, planning, attentional control, and set-shifting performance. However, one of the most common deficits is set-shifting difficulties which are evident in cognitive and motor tasks. These deficits are associated with hypoactivation in the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS), the striatum, and the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) (Gruszka et al., 2017).

Within PD, researchers also examined the incidence of dementia and explored whether certain variables could predict cognitive decline (Williams-Gray, Foltynie, Brayne, Robbins, & Barker, 2007). Their results suggested that 10% of their patients progressed to dementia after 3.5 years, while two-thirds developed cognitive deficits in this period. They additionally described that this rate may be influenced by age, the motor phenotype, and deficits in semantic fluency and a pentagon-copying task, all of which increased the risk of progressing to dementia.

DES has also been examined in nondemented PD patients (Roussel et al., 2017). The authors reported that DES was present in 81% of PD patients, with either cognitive or behavioral impairments observed in most patients. Behaviorally, these patients often presented global hypoactivity, while cognitive impairments included deficits in inhibition and flexibility.

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