Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa by Moyo Dambisa

Author:Moyo, Dambisa [Moyo, Dambisa]
Language: eng
Format: epub, mobi
ISBN: 9780374139568
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Published: 2009-03-17T00:00:00+00:00

Can Dongo tap the markets?

The capital markets are open, and open for Africa. Any assertions that these countries cannot tap the international capital markets are simply wrong. Developed countries tap the market, developing nations tap the market, even the World Bank taps the market (in a rather circular reasoning, to raise funds which they then lend on to African countries). Africa should tap the markets too. By and large, the countries that have not thus far issued bonds have not done so because they do not wish to, not because they can’t.

The amount of emerging-market bond issuance jumped 52 per cent from US$152 billion in 2004 to US$230 billion in 2007. Currently, the total amount of bonds from government and companies in these countries stands at approximately US$1.5 trillion, of which a relatively minuscule US$10 million is from Africa. In the past ten years forty-three developing countries have issued international bonds – only three were African: South Africa, Ghana and Gabon.

However, there are early indications that more are on the way. Since 2003, fifteen African countries have obtained credit ratings (Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal and Uganda), all of which have ratings high enough to tap the bond market. In July 2006, for instance, Zambia, Africa’s largest copper producer, announced it would seek its first credit ratings to enable it to sell bonds in international markets. The Governor of the country’s Central Bank argued that a rating would help cut Zambia’s funding costs.

The first-order problem is whether you can tap the markets, and the second is for how much. Every year governments set up their budgets in order to determine the amount of money they will need to finance their development objectives. With this figure in mind, and assuming they appreciate the many benefits bond issuance can bring, they must embark on a roadshow. From this beauty parade – their roadshows are of course competing with other countries’ roadshows for a finite (albeit large) pool of cash – they can easily gauge how much investor appetite there is.

As Ghana and Gabon have both demonstrated, it is perfectly possible to raise large sums. More generally, judging by the amounts realized by countries with similar ratings, the precedence has been good. For example, Turkey, rated single BB—(similar to Gabon), and Brazil, rated BBB—(as is Namibia), have raised upwards of US$1 billion in a single bond issuance. In 2006, the average bond issue by an emerging market was US$ 1.5 billion.

As with everything, more experience yields greater rewards. As governments become more experienced and investors get to know a country better, countries can come to the markets more often (many emerging economies tap the markets every year) and in transactions of greater size.

Some African countries might initially be viewed as too small, or too risky, to lend to. For these (Togo, Benin and Mali, for instance), and others perceived as too hazardous for individual investments, there are three risk mitigants to consider.

One is the pooling of risk.

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