1 and 2 Chronicles by Iain Provan

Author:Iain Provan [Provan, Iain]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: REL006060 Religion / Biblical Commentary / Old Testament
ISBN: 9780310527626
Publisher: Zondervan
Published: 2015-12-09T16:00:00+00:00

Tiglath-pileser III

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, courtesy of the Louvre

Following these victories, Tiglath-pileser III continued west and south, and by the end of his first western campaign in ca. 738 B.C. he received tribute payments from numerous rulers in Syro-Canaan, including the Israelite king Menahem, the Arabian queen Zabibe, the Phoenician king Hiram, and the Aramean king Rezin (cf. 2 Kings 15:19–20).A-112 Tiglath-pileser III was effective in using conquered areas as logistical bases and enlisting defeated leaders to provide military support. For example, in the Panammuwa Inscription Bar-Rakib inscribed a statue in honor of his father Panammuwa king of Samʾal, a loyal vassal of Assyria who “ran at the wheel” of Tiglath-pileser III in campaigns throughout the “four quarters of the earth,” underscoring his active support of Assyria’s military campaigns.A-113

In the aftermath of Tiglath-pileser III’s campaign several western states (including Aram under the leadership of Rezin and Israel under the leadership of Pekah) began to form an anti-Assyrian coalition reminiscent of the coalitions formed in the mid-ninth century to stem the advance of Shalmaneser III.A-114 Although some details are not completely clear, it appears that the formation of this coalition was impeded by the refusal of Ahaz of Judah to join, which leads to the invasion of Judah by Aram and Israel (28:5–6), an episode known as the Syro-Ephraimite Crisis (Syro = Syria/Aram; Ephraim[ite] = synonym for the Northern Kingdom).A-115

This is the historical context of Isaiah 7, which notes that Israel and Aram intended to install a new king, presumably one willing to join the anti-Assyrian coalition.A-116 In addition to the pressure on Judah from the north (i.e., from Aram and Israel), Ahaz also faced pressure from the south as the Edomites launched offensives into Judah (28:17)A-117 and from the west as the Philistines seized several key Judean cities in the Shephelah, such as Beth Shemesh, Aijalon, Soco, and Timnah (28:18).A-118 In the midst of these pressures, Ahaz makes the watershed decision to seek the help of Tiglath-pileser III:

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