Unfair : The New Science of Criminal Injustice (9780770437770) by Benforado Adam

Author:Benforado, Adam
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Random House Digital
Published: 2015-06-16T04:00:00+00:00

3. The Criminal Mind ~ The Suspect

Mug shot photographs: Frank Masters, photograph, 1890 (New Zealand Police Museum, Porirua); John Powell, photograph, 1889 (New Zealand Police Museum, Porirua); Alick Evan McGregor, photograph, 1887 (New Zealand Police Museum, Porirua); William Johnston, photograph, 1887 (New Zealand Police Museum, Porirua).

Which one was convicted of raping: “Frank Masters,” New Zealand Police Museum, accessed May 13, 2014, https://sites.google.com​/site/newzealandpolicemuseum/home/online-exhibitions/​mug-shots/selectedbiographies/frankmasters.

Which one was a tightrope walker: “William Johnston,” New Zealand Police Museum, accessed May 13, 2014, https://plus.google.com/photos/1051448457432646m30/​albums/5450146114861830929/​5450149070403000498?banner=pwa&pid=5450149070403000498&oid=1051448457432646m30.

Which one was sentenced: “John Powell,” New Zealand Police Museum, accessed May 13, 2014, https://plus.google.com/photos/105144845743264611130/albums​/5450146114861830929/5450148046638424946​?banner=pwa&pid=5450148046638424946&oid=105144845743264611130.

When a suspect was recently apprehended: Michael Muskal, “Exterminator Charged with Murder in Death of Philadelphia Doctor,” Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/​2013/jan/24/​nation/la-na-nn-philadelphia-exterminator-murder-20130124.

And as I began writing: Frank Masters; John Powell; Alick Evan McGregor; William Johnston.

The Internet provides a titillating: “Celebrity Mugshots,” CNN.com, last updated March 20, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/​2013/03/19/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/bruno-mars-mugshot-smile-gq; http://www.bing.com/​search?q=hot+mug+shots&qs=n&​form=QBRE&pq=hot+mug+shots​&sc=1-12&sp=-1&sk=.

The rapist was the man: “Frank Masters.”

The others in the lineup: “John Powell”; “Alick Evan McGregor”; “William Johnston.”

Masters was a serial sex offender: “This Day: An Extraordinary Scene,” Evening Post, December 4, 1889, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/​cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP18891204.2.45&srpos=58&e=——10​–51-byDA—2%22frank+masters%22-all; “Urgent Private Affairs,” Evening Post, June 10, 1886, http://paperspast.​natlib.govt.nz/​cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP18860610.2.11.

Though all of those affected: “Frank Masters”

Even if we could trade: “This Day.”

During his fourth trial: “Criminal Sittings,” Evening Post, October 5, 1888, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/​cgibin/paperspast?a=d&cl=​search&d=EP18881005.2.54&srpos=20&​e=——10–11-byDA—2%22frank+masters%22-all.

And at the suggestion of his lawyer: “Criminal Sittings.”

Nonetheless, Dr. Johnston: “Criminal Sittings.”

So, despite Masters’ pleas: “Criminal Sittings.”

At his sentencing for that crime: “This Day.”

“He couldn’t help himself”: “This Day.”

In addition to “suggesting that he should”: “This Day.”

He wanted to do good: “This Day.”

The reporter who recounted: “This Day.”

But the judge was less sure: “This Day.”

We all have intuitions: Sharrona Pearl, About Faces: Physiognomy in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 1, 38.

The idea that a person’s facial traits: Pearl, About Faces, 1, 11.

The message in the wind: Pearl, About Faces, 186.

Darwin, Edison, and Daguerre: “Victorian Science: An Introduction,” Victorian Web, last modified December 6, 2008, http://www.victorianweb.org/​science/intro.html.

One of those swept up: Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Cesare Lombroso,” accessed May 18, 2014, http://www.britannica.com/​EBchecked/topic/346759/Cesare-Lombroso.

The Lombrosians were convinced: Simon A. Cole, Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification (London: Harvard University Press, 2001), 23.

They were particularly interested: Cole, Suspect Identities, 23.

One of Lombroso’s epiphanies: Gina Lombroso-Ferrero, Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso (New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1911), xv.

Those among us who seemed: Lombroso, Criminal Man, xv.

They were “born criminals”: Jonathan Finn, Capturing the Criminal Image: From Mug Shot to Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 14; Lombroso, Criminal Man, xv.

In order to identify those “degenerates”: Cole, Suspect Identities, 23; Finn, Capturing the Criminal Image, 15; Encyclopedia Britannica, “Cesare Lombroso.”

He and his followers set about: Cole, Suspect Identities, 23.

These were all on: Cole, Suspect Identities, 24.

Man and cow image: “File: De Humana Physiognomia-Kuh und Mann.jpg,” Wikimedia Commons, last modified August 1, 2008, http://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/File:De_Humana_Physiognomia_​-_Kuh_und_Mannjpg/.

Lombroso’s project was greatly: Finn, Capturing the Criminal Image, 15–16.

There were devices to record: Finn, Capturing the Criminal Image, 15–16.

Perhaps my favorite invention: Cole, Suspect Identities, 58; Robert Fletcher, “The New School of Criminal Anthropology” (Washington, DC: The Anthropological Society of Washington, April 21, 1861), 24–25.

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