The Long Goodbye by Meghan O'Rourke
Author:Meghan O'Rourke
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Penguin Group USA, Inc.
Published: 2011-03-09T00:00:00+00:00
My pervasive loneliness was a result, I believe, of what I now think of as the privatization of grief. For centuries, private grief and public mourning were allied in most cultures. In many places, it used to be that if your husband died the village came to your door, bearing fresh-baked rolls or soup. As Darian Leader, a British psychoanalyst, argues in The New Black: Mourning, Melancholia, and Depression, mourningâto truly be mourningâârequires other people.â To lose someone was to be swept into a flurry of rituals. In many nations some kind of viewing followed the cleaning of the bodyâwhat was known as a wake in Ireland, an âencoffiningâ in China. Many cultures hadâand some still haveâspecial mourning clothes. In the Jewish shiva, a mourner sits on a low chair and is visited by friends and family. In The Hour of Our Death, a magisterial history of Western attitudes toward mortality, which Isabel had given me, Philippe Ariès notes that until the turn of the twentieth century, âthe death of a man still solemnly altered the space and time of a social group that could be extended to include the entire community.â
Why, I wondered, did I live in a world where there were so few rituals to guide me through this loss? The British anthropologist Geoffrey Gorer, the author of Death, Grief, and Mourning, argues that, at least in Britain, the First World War played a huge role in changing the way people mourned. Communities were so overwhelmed by the sheer number of dead that the practice of ritualized mourning for the individual eroded. Other changes were less obvious but no less important. More people, including women, began working outside the home; in the absence of caretakers, death increasingly took place in the quarantining swaddle of the hospital. The rise of psychoanalysis shifted attention from the communal to the individual experience. In 1917, only two years after Ãmile Durkheim wrote about mourning as an essential social process, Freudâs âMourning and Melancholiaâ defined it as something essentially private and individual, internalizing the work of mourning. Within a few generations, I read, the experience of grief had fundamentally changed. Death and mourning had been largely removed from the public realm. By the 1960s, Gorer could write that many people believed that âsensible, rational men and women can keep their mourning under complete control by strength of will and character, so that it need be given no public expression, and indulged, if at all, in private, as furtively as . . . masturbation.â Today, our only public mourning takes the form of watching the funerals of celebrities and statesmen. Itâs common to mock such grief as false or voyeuristic (âcrocodile tears,â one commentator called mournersâ distress at Princess Dianaâs funeral), and yet it serves an important social function. Itâs a more mediated version, Leader suggests, of a practice that goes all the way back to soldiers in The Iliad mourning with Achilles for the fallen Patroclus.
I found myself nodding in recognition at Gorerâs conclusions.
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