The Dhammapada (Penguin Classics) by Penguin Classics

Author:Penguin Classics [Classics, Penguin]
Language: eng
Format: epub, azw3
ISBN: 9780140449419
Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd
Published: 2010-08-26T00:00:00+00:00

CHAPTER 2

AWARENESS

The Pali word translated here as ‘awareness’ is appamāda, the opposite of pamāda, ‘intoxication’, ‘carelessness’, ‘unawareness’. As often in Pali, the negative suffix has a stronger force than in English, and appamāda is one of the most important qualities for a Buddhist to develop: that of constant mindfulness. The pair form one of the most important oppositions in Buddhist literature. Other commonly found translations are ‘heedfulness’ and ‘heedlessness’ and ‘diligence’ and ‘negligence’. In v. 309, I have translated the related adjective pamatta as ‘reckless’.

21–3. peace of yoga: yoga-kkhema – a compound word that seems to change its meaning over the course of Pali literature (and Sanskrit literature, where it appears as yogakṣema). Sometimes it is taken as a dvandva compound, ‘yoga and khema’ (e.g. ‘getting and enjoyment’), and sometimes as a tatpuruṣa, with various possible relationships between the two: ‘the khema of yoga’, ‘the khema from yoga’ etc. Unfortunately, both the individual words vary greatly in their meanings. I have taken it as the peace (khema) reached through practice (yoga). K. R. Norman (1997: 4, 67) takes it as ‘rest from exertion’; Carter and Palihawadana (1987: 112) as ‘freedom from bonds’.

STORY: A cycle of stories concerns the adventures of King Udena (or Udayana) and his wives Vāsuladattā, the chief queen, Sāmāvatī, the daughter of a banker (seṭṭhi – see Glossary), and Māgandiyā, a Brahmin woman. Sāmāvatī and her maids are devoted followers of the Buddha, having heard his teaching reported by a hunchbacked slave woman called Khujjuttarā, who first hears him teach when sent out to buy flowers for the queen, and attains Stream-Entry. Sāmāvatī notices a change in Khujjuttarā when she starts to bring twice as many flowers back as before. Previously, it appears, she used to keep half the flower money for herself, but now she spends it all on flowers. Far from being angry, Sāmāvatī continues to send Khujjuttarā to hear the Buddha’s teaching and to report to them what she has heard. (Khujjuttarā becomes the laywoman most skilled in teaching the Dhamma.)

Māgandiyā, in contrast, hates the Buddha, because he rejected her when her father offered her to him in marriage – see the story for vv. 179–80. She tries to stir up the mob against him (see the story for vv. 320–22). She also tries to poison the king’s mind against Sāmāvatī, making it appear that she is plotting against him. This fails, and indeed the king joins Sāmāvatī in taking refuge in the Buddha.

Finally, Māgandiyā has Sāmāvatī and her maids burned to death in their house. At the point of death, all of them meditate on loving kindness, and are reborn in higher states. When the king finds out the truth about what has happened, he has Māgandiyā and her accomplices put to death.

The Buddha speaks the verses as a comment on the contrasting fates of Sāmāvatī and Māgandiyā.

24. STORY: In a time of plague, a layman called Kumbhaghosaka leaves his native city and lives as a hired hand, despite having a secret store of treasure.

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