The Age of Insight by Eric Kandel

Author:Eric Kandel [Kandel, Eric R.]
Language: eng
Format: epub, mobi
ISBN: 978-1-58836-930-7
Publisher: Random House Publishing Group
Published: 2012-03-26T16:00:00+00:00

Both Freud and Darwin recognized that human behavior can give rise to a variety of emotional responses that lie between the polar extremes of approach and avoidance. Moreover, this family of emotional responses—this gradient—extending from one polar opposite to the other, is not all-or-nothing; it is modulated by another continuum that ranges from low to high intensity, or low to high levels of arousal.

According to Darwin, there are six universal components that lie along a continuum from approach to avoidance. These six include the two major emotional primitives—happiness (ranging in arousal from ecstasy to serenity) that encourages approach and the other, fear (ranging from terror to apprehension) that encourages avoidance. Between these two extremes lie four subtypes: surprise (ranging from amazement to distraction), disgust (from loathing to boredom), sadness (from grief to pensiveness), and anger (from rage to annoyance). Darwin was careful to indicate that discrete emotions can be blended: awe, for example, is a mixture of fear and surprise; fear and trust give rise to submission; trust and joy produce love.

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