Sustainable Development in Energy and Environment by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9789811546389
Publisher: Springer Singapore

6 Bioavailability

Anthocyanins have considerably low bioavailability that was detected in the human blood after ingestion. Active transport aids in absorption in the stomach and transfers them to kidneys and liver. Anthocyanins actively modulate the immune response, decrease the risk of cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, and inflammatory insult.

Chyrsophanol, one of the pigment class under Anthraquinone was produced from araroba powder for the treatment of psoriasis. Araroba powder was extracted from the trunk of Andira araroba that belongs to Fabaceae family and another compound, Rhein (Cassic acid), belonging to the anthraquinone family was found to inhibit the cytokines activity in osteoarthritis. This led to the development of diacetyl rhein with better bioavailability. The oral diacetyl rhein of about 100mg/day has proved to have improved symptoms for osteoarthritis patients.

For Carotenoids, there is more bioavailability for fruits compared to vegetables. This is because of ripening and food processing that causes the deteoriation of food matrix. The bioavailability is increased by dietary fat and the carotenoid, lutein has the highest bioavailability of 79%. In hydrophilic matrices, an increase in the bioavailability for carotenoids implies the faster intake by the liver and distribution to various tissues by the lipoproteins [35].

Genipin, a blue-colored pigment extracted from Gardenia jasminoides fruit was formulated into genipin-crosslinked-chitosan hydrogels to promote faster healing due to their excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, permeability, and degradation characteristics. Genipin has many pharmacological purposes due to its crosslinking properties and its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It is used for the visualization of fingerprints in forensic science. This is used as a food colorant and also used in cosmetics.

For Betalins, the bio-availability appears to be partial due to digestive uncertainty by an intestinal efflux mechanism. For chlorophylls, the chlorophyll C and D exert better bioavailability due to dephytylated chlorophyll derivatives by facilitated diffusion and the food matrix which affects the digestive stability. Curcumin exhibits lower bioavailability due to their poor soluble nature in aqueous solutions and since the oral administration has poor bioavailability, the drug delivery carriers like liposomes, phospholipid complexes, and polymeric nanoparticles have been developed to increase its bioavailability.

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