Philosophy and Psychedelics by Christine Hauskeller

Author:Christine Hauskeller
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781350231634
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Published: 2022-04-22T00:00:00+00:00

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1. Poe, 1842, p. 1.

2. For instance, in James, 1902.

3. For more information see, for example, Richert and Dyck, 2020.

4. For more detail see, for instance, Langlitz et al., 2021.

5. In Habermas, [1981] 1984, he distinguishes these two types of rationality. Communicative rationality stems from human interaction and recognizes human interconnectedness. It serves the free change of ideas and fair decision-making. Instrumental rationality is a technique of commodification to reach personal goals. Market capitalism and bureaucratic processes are forms of instrumental rationality.

6. E.g. Nutt et al., 2010 and Walsh, 2010. Drug policy differs in parts of the world depending on, among other factors, the coverage of health care and regulation as well as cultural legacies and histories of drug policing. Whilst I will reference US actors in my discussion, my general view on the question of liberalization stems from experience with UK and European practices of drug and medical research legislation and implementation of new treatments.

7. See, for example, Fromm, 1941 and Frankl, 1956.

8. Hegel, [1820] 2005.

9. See, for instance, Kierkegaard, [1849] 2008, Heidegger, [1927] 2000, and Sartre, [1943] 2003.

10. See Karl Marx, [1932] 2004; Max Weber, [1904] 2017.

11. Puusalu, 2018, p. 37.

12. Frankfurt School Critical Theory evolved in the context of the interdisciplinary Institute for Social Research, first founded in 1923 in Frankfurt on Main in Germany. The Institute closed when the Nazis came to power in 1933 and was re-established at Columbia University in New York. It was re-opened in Frankfurt in 1951.

13. This school of philosophy also sparked so-called Freudo-Marxism. An umbrella term for diverse theories that analyse the ills of society drawing on Marx’s critical political economy and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

14. Horkheimer and Adorno, [1947] 2002, p. 6.

15. Honneth, 2014, p. vii.

16. The psychoanalytic theory of the unconscious as well as the ontogenesis of individuality are important ethical concepts in this context. That and why we can never fully understand ourselves and the ethical effects this realization should have has been unpacked by Judith Butler in her Adorno Lectures, published as Giving an Account of Oneself (Butler, 2005).

17. An excellent introduction to the human-nature relationship and scientification is provided by Carolyn Merchant, 1980.

18. See, for example, Zaehner, 1957.

19. Huesca Ramon analyses Frankfurt School critics of such idealizations in ‘Walter Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse: Psychedelics and Revolution’, in this volume (2022).

20. Authors such as Michel Foucault, Robert D. Laing, and Thomas Szasz are listed among the anti-psychiatrists.

21. Conrad, 2007.

22. Noorani, 2020, p. 35.

23. Rucker and Young, 2021.

24. See Nutt, 2012 and Walsh, 2019.

25. This is much more likely in the UK context than in the US context at present. In the UK the conservative governments of the past twelve years have tightened drug laws, whereas some US states have lifted prohibition and allow wider clinical as well as public use. The cultural understandings of personal freedom may play a role in this divergence, but also the specific commercialization pathways in different health care regimens. A general public health care system provides a beneficial businesses environment where one provider controls drugs and treatments.

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