Philip II of Macedon by Mark Luttenberger

Philip II of Macedon by Mark Luttenberger

Author:Mark Luttenberger [Luttenberger, Mark]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Biography & Autobiography, Historical
ISBN: 9781645842354
Google: ii23DwAAQBAJ
Publisher: Page Publishing Inc
Published: 2019-10-17T01:43:27+00:00


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187 Timotheus was fined a hundred talents and withdrew from Athens to Chalcis where he died. Nepos claims Iphicrates was acquitted of the charges (Nepos.Tim.3.5; Iphic.3.3).

188 (Cawkwell 1963, 61-62). Cawkwell analyzes the poor state of Athenian revenue at the end of the Social War.

189 (Aeschines 1968, 213). The speech was given in 343.

190 (N. Hammond 1986, 531-532).

191 Beginning with the Persian War, the thetes rowed the oars of the Athenian fleet. It took 170 men to operate the oars of a trireme. Another thirty men were officers, marines, and steersmen from the upper social classes. Thus, a full trireme crew consisted of two hundred men.

192 (Sakellariou 1980, 116).

193 In the fourth century, Greek armies were often composed of mercenaries rather than the citizen soldiers of previous centuries. Greek commanders often became soldiers of fortune when not employed by their polis. In his book the Anabasis, the Athenian cavalryman Xenophon was a mercenary in the service of the Persian Cyrus the Younger during his revolt against his brother the Great King Artaxerxes II in 401.

194 (Ellis 1976, 74). See Griffith in (Hammond and Griffith 1979, 256).

195 (Worthington 2014, 43). In 326, Critobulus saved the life of Alexander when he was severely wounded against the Malli in India (Arr.Anab.6.11.1; Curt.9.5.25-28).

196 The Athenians punished Scione with andrapodismos in 421 and Melos in 416 (Thuc.5.32.1; 5.116.4). In 364, Boeotian Orchomenus suffered this fate by Thebes (Diod.15.79.5). Thebes punished other Boeotian cities such as Plataea and Thespiae.

197 The First Sacred War occurred from 595–586 and the Second Sacred War in the mid fifth century. Little is known about both wars, but Phocis seems to have been a participant in both.

198 (Brunt 1969, 247). Brunt dates the origin of the war to the summer of 356. (Ehrenberg 1964, 108-112). Ehrenberg describes the structure of the Amphictyonic League.

199 See the political review of Phocis by Jacques Ouhlen in (Hansen and Nielsen 2004, 399-402).

200 The Spartan Phoebidas seized the Cadmea in broad daylight during the festival of the Thesmophoria. A Spartan garrison was established to maintain Theban subordination to Sparta. This unauthorized act was ultimately accepted by the Spartan government despite Greek condemnation.

201 (Hornblower and Spawforth 1996, 445). The Pythia was a Delphic woman who was the chief priestess and served for life. In a special ritual, she relayed the oracle from Apollo, through a prophetess (interpreter), to the Greek suppliants.

202 (Hammond and Griffith 1979, 272-277). See Griffith for a detailed critique of the battle and its aftermath. Griffith doubts that Philip drowned the three thousand prisoners for fear of future reprisals by the Phocians. (N. Hammond 1986, 543-544), (Ellis 1976, 82-83), and (Worthington 2008, 63). Hammond, Ellis, and Worthington agree that Philip drowned the prisoners.

203 (Ellis 1976, 83). Elis dates the election to 353 but no later than 352. He equates the terms archon and tagos. For a discussion of Philip’s election, see note 103 on p. 260. Ellis says the term tagos was discredited.

204 Philip’s daughter Thessalonice from Nicesipolis was named to commemorate his victory at the Crocus Field.



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