Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Business Education by Chandan Maheshkar Vinod Sharma
Author:Chandan Maheshkar,Vinod Sharma
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: IGI Global
Hofstede (1980) defines culture as “the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another” (p. 24). Culture is generally developed over an extended period of time, and is based on normative behaviors, rules, attitudes and values, beliefs, feelings, patterns of thought, customs, symbols, and role expectations in work, home, and other walks of society (Henderson et al., 1992). National culture reflects the shared cultural meaning system of members of a certain country (Betancourt & López, 1993; Rokeach, 1968). Most countries contain a number of subcultures (Henderson et al., 1992; Hofstede, 1980, 2001), such as in different geographical regions (e.g., urban versus rural areas, or topographies such as North versus South, etc.). However, these are likely to identify strongly with “dominant national character traits” (Hofstede, 1980, p.29) that derive out of their shared nationality, and commonalities in historical-social circumstances (Beehr & Glazer, 2001).
The theory of culture’s consequences proposes that enduring national values which shape organizational behavior differ between countries (Hofstede, 2001). Moreover, from an organizational behavior perspective, shared cultural characteristics in a given country are generally thought to outweigh the characteristics of any single organization within it (Adler, 1990). This relative isomorphism is likely to result in national cultural characteristics being stronger than inherent cultural differences across organizations within a given nation (Erez, 2011). Thus, the importance for business educators, researchers and practitioners to understand cross-cultural differences, and the psychological mechanisms that underpin them, cannot be overstated.
MAJOR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL CULTURE
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