Different by Frans de Waal

Author:Frans de Waal
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
Published: 2022-02-26T00:00:00+00:00

ONCE A HIERARCHY has been formed, it has to be communicated. Every social mammal has its submissive rituals, from a dog rolling onto his back with tail between his legs to a macaque baring her teeth in a wide grin. Chimpanzees and bonobos utter distinctive repetitive grunts while bowing for the dominant. An alpha male chimpanzee only needs to walk around with his hair slightly on end for everyone to rush forward and grovel in the dust while uttering panting grunts. Alphas underline their position by moving an arm over the others, jumping over them, or ignoring their greeting as if they don’t care. Mama received far fewer submissive gestures than the males, but since every female in the colony showed them to her, and she never to them, she counted as the top female. These outward signs of status express the formal hierarchy in the same way that the stripes on military uniforms tell us who officially ranks above whom.13

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