Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis by Masa-aki Hashimoto & Riou Nakamura & E. P. Berni Ann Thushari & Kenzo Arai

Author:Masa-aki Hashimoto & Riou Nakamura & E. P. Berni Ann Thushari & Kenzo Arai
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9789811329357
Publisher: Springer Singapore

(2.52)

A source with luminosity L S at a distance d in our Galaxy is observed with energy flux F = L S∕(4πd 2). Generalizing this to the expanding universe, we define the luminosity distance

(2.53)

The energy of light emitted from the object with time interval Δt is denoted as ΔE, whereas the observer receives the energy ΔE 0 with the time interval Δt 0. The luminosities L S and L 0 are given by

(2.54)

Since the photon energy is proportional to its frequency, we have

(2.55)

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