Analysis of Catastrophes and Their Public Health Consequences by Paolo F. Ricci

Author:Paolo F. Ricci
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030480660
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

4.3.1 Building Blocks

We have chosen these building blocks assuming an idealized catastrophic event with cascading effects. These are prototypical examples of: physical mechanisms (wave energy), probabilistic extreme values for initiating events, an economic analysis consisting of supply, demand, production and financial values at risk of loss.

Tsunami waves generation and characteristics

The movement of tectonic plates relative to each other is gradual. If friction builds up and the plates do not locally move, then energy builds up until a break occurs causing an earthquake. If the event occurs below a body of water, the sudden movement of large earth masses may generate a tsunami (in Japanese, a harbor wave). Tsunamis can be generated by landslides or other earth movements such as an underwater volcanic eruption. As tsunami waves hit the shoreline, they can cause coastal flooding, erosion, land subsidence, and debris flows on land. Different land formations influence the height of the waves. The time to arrival of the waves varies, but damage can occur rapidly and unexpected ways. As an example (not shown), Trinh (2011), http://​demonstrations.​wolfram.​com/​TsunamiStrikingA​Landscape/​, depicts the spatial and temporal profile of wave height. We use a 3-D modeling of a tsunami using Chang (2011), http://​demonstrations.​wolfram.​com/​MathematicsOfTsu​namis/​, Fig. 4.1. The simulation of the 2004 tsunami depicts the influence on wave propagation from anomalies of the Indian Ocean floor. A t = 0, waves are rising above the underlying seamounts, while at the end of the demonstration, they are being propagated faster in the low-lying areas and they are higher above the seamount’s crest. The demonstration uses modeling with partial differential equations (PDEs) for shallow waters associated with several physical variables, for example, describing the pressure surface of the water. A key assumption for this modeling is that the Indian Ocean is shallow: its depth is smaller than the open ocean wavelength of the tsunami.

Fig. 4.1The 3-D characteristics of the 2004 tsunami Pacific Ocean tsunami that killed over 200,000 individual is simulated using YS Chang (2011) http://​demonstrations.​wolfram.​com/​MathematicsOfTsu​namis/​ at t = 0 and t = 1800 units of time

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