The Legacy of Anomie Theory by Freda Adler
Author:Freda Adler [Adler, Freda]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780765806628
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 1999-11-30T00:00:00+00:00
Crisis Responders
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Opportunity Takers
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Opportunity Seekers
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Deviance Seekers
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The second way that we extend the Mertonian typology is by introducing the distinction between situational attitudes and general attitudes. Each deviant act is located in a specific set of circumstances within an opportunity structure that makes crime possible. Later in this chapter we will examine differences in access to opportunity for offenses directly. Here, we (like Merton) are concerned with the rates at which individuals respond to the presence of specific opportunities.
The individual acts of innovation that Mertonâs rates of deviant behavior measure are located in a set of specific situations. Thus we would define the âmeansâ column of Mertonâs typology as representing behavioral conformity to the use of legitimate means in specific situations (see table 7.1, final column). The introduction of situation leads us to create a second, situational, set of attitudes toward legitimate and illegitimate means. To engage in deviant behavior a potential offender must adoptâalbeit in some cases temporarilyâa positive attitude toward illegitimate means as a way of achieving goals. A positive attitude does not mean that the individual has to like the means but rather that he or she sees their adoption as a way of achieving the success goals. All innovators therefore have the following in common: They adopt the culturally sanctioned goal of financial success; they situationally have a positive attitude toward the use of illegitimate means; they have situational access to illegitimate means; and, they situationally behave in a way that does not conform to legitimate means.18 Thus variations among offenders should be accounted for by three other factors: a general attitude toward legitimate means; a general attitude toward illegitimate means; and a situational attitude toward legitimate means.19 These are represented by the highlighted columns in table 7.1.
The first type of offenders are those with the + â + pattern; they have positive general attitudes toward legitimate means, negative general attitudes toward illegitimate means, and positive situational attitudes toward legitimate means. In our sample we call these people âcrisis responders.â These peopleâwho are similar to many of the embezzlers studied by Cressey (1973) and Zeitz (1981)âare by and large conformists but in a specific situation feel that they need to do something that they define as wrong in order to deal with some perceived crisis that threatens them, their families, or their companies. Even situationally, they see the legitimate means as something they should conform to but cannot. In one case in our sample an owner of a beauty academy said that he did not have the money to pay employment taxes. He claimed: âI kept thinking that I would make enough money to catch up on the back taxes, which I never did. The withholding taxes were put back into my business to keep it running. I regret that along the way I did not go to the Internal Revenue and explain my problem.â In all other respects this offender seems to have been a conforming citizen; his only prior arrest had occurred some 20 years earlier
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