Get the Diagnosis Right by Blackman Jerome S.;

Author:Blackman, Jerome S.;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Published: 2010-05-19T00:00:00+00:00

Footnotes

1 Schmidt-Hellerau (2005).

2 Segal (1993).

3 Stevens (1986).

4 Shulman (1982).

5 Silver (1998).

6 Abend (2005).

7 Stern (1988).

8 Ogden (1999).

9 Bretherton (1992).

10 Schwartz (1996).

11 Suomi (1991).

12 Brockman (2007).

13 Stolorow (2005).

14 Seagraves (1978).

15 Solms (2000).

16 Lacan (1979).

17 Kernberg, O.F. (2001).

18 Especially the displacement (retargeting) of destructive urges onto a target (usually chosen by a leader) outside of and different from the group.

19 Shellenbarger (2008).

20 1892, 1895, 1900, 1905, 1915.

21 Numerous psychoanalysts have previously attempted to revise drive theory. Aside from Freud’s many revisions, Kleinian theorists have posited a paranoid-schizoid position and a depressive position in early infancy; “Oedipal” fantasies at the end of the first year (Brenner, 1953); and, following Freud (1920), the concept of a death drive underlying clinical manifestations of aggression. Kubie (1974) addressed thought content in his descriptions of children’s wishes to become both sexes. Fairbairn (1963) argued against a concept of id, replacing it with three redefined sets of ego functioning having no connection with biology. Disputes regarding drive theory can be found in the early 1900s, when Jung’s collective unconscious, Adler’s masculine protest, and Rank’s birth-trauma theories challenged Freud. The infamous “Controversial Discussions” of the 1940s (Steiner, 1985) were later followed by Kohut’s (1971) contention that aggression derives from a disintegration of the self-image.

22 Erikson (1956); Kohut (1971); Spruiell (1975).

23 Mahler et al. (1975); Kramer (1992); Escoll (1992); Akhtar (1992).

24 Bion (1959); Kumin (1996).

25 Killingmo (1989).

26 Mitchell (2000).

27 Fonagy and Target (1998).

28 Bowlby (1944a, 1944b, 1958); Ainsworth et al. (1978); Beebe (2000).

29 Marcus, I. (2004).

30 McDevitt (1985).

31 Greenspan (1997).

32 Freud (1923).

33 Brenner (2006).

34 Brenner (1979a).

35 Brenner (2006).

36 For example, Panksepp (1999).

37 Schur, M. (1966).

38 Loewald (1978).

39 Freud (1905a).

40 Pleasure and pain seem to be associated with the ventral tegmental area of the brain stem and the hypothalamus (Rocha do Amaral and Martins de Oliveira, 2006). Since the hypothalamus is circuitously connected, through the limbic system, to the cerebral cortex, pleasure should become integrated with perceptions of the biology and the persons (“object representations”) involved with the pleasures. These are no doubt not the only brain bases of pleasure and pain, but they are currently the subject of much neurophysiological research.

41 Freud (1905b).

42 Freud (1900).

43 Freud (1923).

44 Marcus, D. (1997).

45 Dorpat (1987).

46 Freud (1900) also included absence of time sense, existence of opposites, visual representations, and mobile cathexes.

47 Freud defined secondary process as also involving reality testing, auditory representations, word cathexes, and stable cathexes.

48 Bergmann (2000).

49 Weiss, E. (1942).

50 Freud, A. et al. (1965).

51 Alpert et al. (1956).

52 Kagan (1991).

53 Hartmann (1955).

54 “Ego interests” (Hartmann, 1939).

55 I prefer the term libidinal because psychosexual implies that early development is entirely about sex. Mature sexual activity usually involves facets from the oral, anal, and first genital phases, but orality in infants (infra) does not involve the sexual organs.

56 For a mathematical analogy, the adult libidinal drive, overall, could be viewed as the following integration:

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