Decarcerating America by Ernest Drucker

Author:Ernest Drucker
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781620972793
Publisher: The New Press
Published: 2018-02-20T05:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. “Patterns of Violence in American Society,” in Understanding and Preventing Violence: Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, vol. 1, ed. Albert Reiss and Jeffrey Roth (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), 70.

2. See Bruce Kennedy, Ichiro Kawachi, Deborah Prothrow-Stith, Kimberly Lochner, and Vanita Gupta, “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Firearm Violent Crime,” Social Science and Medicine 47, no. 1 (1998): 7–17; and Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Laura P. Kohn-Wood, Karen H. Schmeelk-Cone, Tabbye M. Chavous, and Marc A. Zimmerman, “Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity as Risk or Protective Factors for Violent Behaviors in African American Young Adults,” American Journal of Community Psychology 33 (2004): 91–105.

3. “Perspectives on Violence,” in Understanding and Preventing Violence: Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, vol. 1, ed. Albert Reiss and Jeffrey Roth (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), 145.

4. James Gilligan, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes (New York: Putnam, 1996).

5. Li-yu Song, Mark Singer, and Trina Anglin, “Violence Exposure and Emotional Trauma as Contributors to Adolescents’ Violent Behaviors,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 152 (1998): 531–36.

6. Kara Williams, Lourdes Rivera, Robert Neighbours, and Vivian Reznik, “Youth Violence Prevention Comes of Age: Research, Training and Future Directions,” Annual Review of Public Health 28 (2007): 195–211.

7. Urban Institute, The Challenges of Prisoner Reentry: Facts and Figures (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2008).

8. Redlining is the practice of refusing loans or insurance to people because they live in areas deemed to be “poor financial risks”—a practice applied almost exclusively in communities of color. See Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2012), 20–26; Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Anchor Books, 2009); Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” Atlantic, June 2014; and Alex F. Schwartz, Housing Policy in the United States (New York: Routledge, 2010), 332.

9. Equal Justice Initiative, Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror, Second Edition (Montgomery, AL: Equal Justice Initiative, 2015).

10. Christopher Hartney and Linh Vuong, Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the US Criminal Justice System (Oakland, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2009), 3.

11. See Randy Borum, “Assessing Violence Risk Among Youth,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 56, no. 10 (2000): 1263–88; and Jennifer N. Shaffer and R. Barry Ruback, Violent Victimization as a Risk Factor for Violent Offending Among Juveniles (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2002), 6, 8; Kenneth V. Hardy and Tracey A. Laszloffy, Teens Who Hurt: Clinical Interventions to Break the Cycle of Adolescent Violence (New York: Guilford Press, 2005); John A. Rich and Courtney M. Grey, “Pathways to Recurrent Trauma Among Young Black Men: Traumatic Stress, Substance Use, and the ‘Code of the Street,’” American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 5 (2005): 816–24; Erika Harrell, Black Victims of Violent Crime, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of Justice, NCJ 214258, 2007.

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