5 Steps to a 5: 500 AP European History Questions to Know by Test Day by Anaxos Inc

Author:Anaxos Inc.
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Published: 2020-02-28T16:00:00+00:00

Period 2

123. (C) Enlightened despots curbed the power of the church, but they did not “abolish” any religions. The other options are reforms implemented by Joseph II of Austria, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Catherine the Great of Russia.

124. (B) Constitutional rule was not acceptable to absolutist rulers. All other options are essential characteristics of absolutist states.

125. (A) In 17th-century Europe, the justification of political authority largely rested on the theory of divine right of kings, whereby the king was the political embodiment of God’s ultimate representative on earth. As such, his power was absolute and not to be challenged by any persons or institutions, like a parliament. Option B is incorrect because since the Protestant Reformation and the rise of the nation-state, papal power declined while secular power increased. Whereas in the Middle Ages, papal authority could claim to be God’s representative on earth, this began to change with the rise of absolute monarchy. Option C is incorrect as the rights of subjects were to become an issue during the Enlightenment, beginning in the 18th century. Option D is incorrect because, although the papacy would have liked to have this type of power over secular authority, with the rise of absolutism, spiritual power took a back seat to secular authority.

126. (C) Option A is incorrect as Charles I was the king of England that Cromwell’s supporters fought in the civil war. Option D is incorrect because John Pym was a leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent opponent of Charles I, but he wasn’t the leader of the Roundheads.

127. (A) Tensions between Parliament and Charles I began in 1628 when Parliament forced Charles to agree to the Petition of Right, which stipulated that he must gain the consent of Parliament before he could raise new taxes. In response, Charles refused to call Parliament into session between 1629 and 1640. When Charles tried to bring Anglican reforms to Presbyterian Scotland, the Scots revolted. To raise money to fight the war, Charles called Parliament into session, which then brought the conflict between the monarch and Parliament to a head.

128. (C) Prior to the outbreak of the English Civil War, Charles attempted to raise taxes without the consent of Parliament. This attempt was to raise “ship money.” This tax was intended to finance a modern navy by taxing everyone, not just residents of coastal towns. In 1640 Charles reluctantly convened Parliament because he needed money to put down a rebellion in Scotland. The Parliament used the Scottish rebellion to press its demands against Charles.

129. (A) Captured by Oliver Cromwell’s forces while trying to flee to Scotland, Charles I was tried by a much smaller Parliament of about 53 members, convicted of treason, and sentenced to death by beheading. Option B is incorrect because the Tudor line ended with the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603. James VI of Scotland assumed the English throne unopposed. In Option C, the execution of Charles I did lead to the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic (the English Commonwealth).

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