The Amazingly Simple Universe by Robinson Vivian

Author:Robinson, Vivian
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: ETP Semra Pty Ltd
Published: 2022-01-25T00:00:00+00:00

Figure 18 Structures of isotopes of Pb, Z = 82, as determined from the rules for forming nuclei.

There are alpha particle structures everywhere. The nuclei are not circular, they have bumps and dimples on their surface. The number of neutrons in a layer increases much faster than the number of protons in the layer. That is due to the nature of the lattice.

Within those binding rules, the 208Pb isotope has all its neutron lattice positions filled. It and 209Bi are the highest stable nuclei. All stable Pb isotopes have fewer neutrons than its most abundant isotope. All even Z nuclei at Z = 20 and below have all their stable isotopes with more neutrons than the most abundant isotope. Sn, Z = 50, halfway between Z = 20 and 82, has stable isotopes above and below its most abundant isotope. It also has the greatest number of stable isotopes.

The binding rules explain dozens of unknowns in nuclear physics. They include, but not limited to, the origins of the skin effect, why carbon nuclei are equilateral triangular shape, why it is so easy to knock alpha particles put of nuclei, why some isotopes are stable, and others aren’t, how 235U fissions, why nuclei with A = 5 and 8 can’t be stable, and a lot more! It takes nuclear physics away from the exclusive realm of nuclear physicists and enables many ordinary people to gain an understanding of it.

This rotating photon model of nucleons and nuclear binding has been successfully applied to over 10% of the over 2,700 known nuclei. The match was always good over the range from 2H to 238U. Determining the structure and some properties of any nucleus of any Z and A is sufficiently simple that some high school matriculants could work them out. The bigger the nucleus, the longer it takes.

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