RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR AND SANCTION by Williams Frank

Author:Williams, Frank
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2022-04-11T00:00:00+00:00

CHAPTER 11

History of Ukraine

After Russia, which it borders to the east and north-east, Ukraine is Europe's second-largest country by area. Ukraine is bordered on the north by Belarus, on the west by Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary, on the south by Romania and Moldova, and on the sea by the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. It has a population of 43.6 million people and covers 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi), making it Europe's second-largest country after Russia. Ukraine is Europe's eighth most populous country. Kyiv is the country's capital and largest city.

Since 32,000 BC, people have lived in the modern-day region of Ukraine. The area was a major center of East Slavic culture during the Middle Ages, with the loose tribal federation Kievan Rus' establishing the foundation of Ukrainian identity. After reaching its apogee in the mid-11th century, when it was one of Europe's richest and largest countries, Kievan Rus progressively fell until its demise in the 13th century due to the Mongol invasion. The area was fought, divided, and ruled by a variety of nations during the next 600 years, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Tsardom. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Cossack Hetmanate arose and prospered, but it was eventually divided between Poland and the Russian Empire.

Following the Russian Revolution, a Ukrainian national movement for self-determination arose, and on June 23, 1917, the internationally recognized Ukrainian People's Republic was established. The Bolsheviks forcibly recreated the short-lived state into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which joined the Soviet Union as a founding member in 1922. Ukraine was the most populous and industrialized republic after the Russian Soviet Republic until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 when it regained its independence.

Ukraine established a unitary republic with a semi-presidential government with a separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial departments after gaining independence. In 1994, it declared itself a neutral state, forming a limited military collaboration with Russia and other CIS countries as well as a NATO partnership. After President Viktor Yanukovych suspended the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement in favor of deeper economic links with Russia in 2013, the Euromaidan erupted, culminating in the Revolution of Dignity, which resulted in Yanukovych's removal and the formation of a new administration. These actions set the stage for Russia's annexation of Crimea in March 2014, as well as the start of the War in Donbas the following month, a long-running struggle with Russian-backed separatists that ended in a Russian invasion in February 2022. Despite the ongoing confrontation with Russia, Ukraine has continued to pursue greater economic, political, and military connections with the West.

Ukraine ranked 74th on the Human Development Index and is a developing country with a lower-middle-income economy. It has a short life expectancy, a high poverty rate, and a high level of corruption. Ukraine, on the other hand, is one of the world's top grain exporters due to its huge fertile territory. The United Nations, the Council of Europe, the

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