Rethinking Drug Use in Sport by Bob Stewart Aaron Smith

Author:Bob Stewart, Aaron Smith [Bob Stewart, Aaron Smith]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Sports & Recreation, General, Cultural & Social Aspects, Business Aspects
ISBN: 9781135118471
Google: YjkSBgAAQBAJ
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2014-01-10T01:00:34+00:00

Figure 9.1 Life-course transitions, turning points, and critical incidents

Life-course conceptual models

A number of life-course models have been applied to the analysis of individual development through the lifespan, examining the ways in which previous work, family, and leisure experiences interdependently shape people’s futures. Life-course models shed light on how life events impact upon health and leisure behaviours by drawing on biomedical analyses of health and welfare. They include 1) the latent effects model, 2) the pathway model, 3) the social mobility model, and 4) the cumulative life-course model. We briefly describe each below.

The latent effects life-course model hypothesises that adverse early life experiences increase health risks in later life, independent of any intervening social, economic, lifestyle, or traditional risk factors. Certain early life events may have strong independent effects on adult health by working through ‘biological chains of risk’. For example, prenatal and early life socio-economic factors will affect biological resources, which will in turn influence adult health. More generally, the operation of biological or developmental influences during early ‘sensitive periods’ will permanently impact on developing individuals in either positive or negative ways.

In the pathway model, early life events and environments will influence later life experiences, opportunities, and health risk factors. It assumes a developmental process that links early life psychosocial environments with adult health risks via pathway effects. Here, early experiences place an individual on a certain life trajectory, eventually impacting adult health. The term ‘social chains of risk’ is used to explain how early events influence later life health status. As a result, ‘ongoing social processes’ and ‘a continuity of social circumstances’ lead to either advantageous or disadvantageous chains of advantage.

Social mobility theories assume that an individual’s social and economic circumstances relentlessly shape their behaviour across the life course, impacting upon their adult health. This model posits a mixed range of possibilities whereby deprivation in early life can be followed by 1) material affluence to produce hybrid health outcomes, 2) natural ‘health selection’, where less healthy individuals tend to have downward social mobility and healthier individuals tend to be upwardly mobile, and 3) a ‘health constraint’ factor, where socially mobile individuals possess health characteristics of the class they join as well as the ‘class’ they depart.

Cumulative life-course models assume that psychosocial and physiological experiences, combined with environmental factors, work to influence adult disease risk during both early and later life. Different combinations will produce a wide variety of health outcomes. This model highlights the ways in which individuals build up their stocks of biological resources, and how, over the life course their ‘health and physical capital’ can vary, with important implications for their health status.

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