Female Adolescent Development by Sugar Max;

Author:Sugar, Max; [Sugar, Max]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Published: 2022-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

Social Class Differences

Because the industrial revolution also sharpened class distinctions, the development of these sex differences affected working-class women differently than middle-class women. In the early 19th century, women of the working class and their adolescent daughters entered factories, particularly in textiles, or left home to work as agricultural wage laborers (Bouvier, [1936] 1983; Frader, 1987; Hellerstein, Hume & Offen, 1981; Pinchbeck, 1969; Tilly & Scott, 1987). In France, adolescent peasant girls migrated to large towns like Nimes or Lyons to work (Heywood, 1988; Moch, 1983). Domestic service, as an alternative to factory work or agricultural work, came to be a regular, enduring occupation for many women rather than just a period of youthful acculturation and training (McBride, 1976). Working-class women and adolescents now spent the majority of their time outside the family.

The experience of middle-class young women, however, was different. As the standard of living for the middle class in general rose during the course of the century, middle-class families were liberated from dependence on the labor of their women and children. As the boundaries between the family and household, on the one hand, and the world of work and community, on the other hand, became more distinct, the 19th-century middle-class family became more reluctant to release its female youth into the harsh industrial world. Middle-class women and their adolescent daughters withdrew from the world of work to the privacy of the home (Smith, 1981). Even those middle-class women who chose to work outside their families often worked as governesses and thus remained within a family setting (Holcombe, 1973; Peterson, 1972).

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