Agrippa II by David Jacobson;

Author:David Jacobson;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis (CAM)
Published: 2019-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

259 BJ 3.29; for a revised chronology, see Kokkinos 1998, 327 n. 209.

260 For biographies of Vespasian, see Levick 2017; Vervaet 2016. Vespasian’s campaigning in Britain is described in Levick (op. cit., 16–23).

261 Levick 2017, 22–27.

262 For biographies of Titus, see Murison 2016; Jones 1984.

263 V 407–408. There was substance to the accusations of the Tyrians because Philip, as Agrippa’s senior commander with the loyalists, who had sought refuge in Herod’s palace together with the members of Jerusalem’s Roman garrison in Jerusalem, had abandoned the latter to their cruel fate at the hands of Eleazar and his rebels (BJ 2.437–40). On the accusation of disloyalty made against Philip before Agrippa II some time earlier, while the king was in Berytus, see V 182. If Philip’s destination was Rome, he would have found that Nero was away in Greece and the capital in the grip of a civil war, so he returned to Agrippa without accomplishing his mission (V 409).

264 The Xth Fretensis, the Vth Macedonica and the XVth Apollinaris.

265 For Antiochus IV and Sohaemus I, see nn. 8 and 160, respectively. On Malichus II (40–70 CE), son and successor to Aretas IV, see Bowersock 1983, 63, 69–72, 74 (family relationships); Kropp 2013b, 63–65 (coin portraiture), 289 (dedicatory inscriptions to Malichus II, his wife Shuqaylah and daughter Shu‘dah at Petra). A succinct history of Nabataea and its monarchy from 100 BCE to 100 CE, with numerous references, is presented in Kropp 2013b, 39–43; 371–82.

266 BJ 3.8, 64–69. Each of the three legions numbered about 6,120 men (18,360 in all). Josephus tells us that ten of the cohorts from Caesarea Maritima, Sebaste (Samaria) and Syria had 1,000 infantry men each and the remaining 13 comprised 600 infantry and 120 cavalry (19,360 in total). The auxiliaries contributed by three of the client kings each comprised 2,000 unmounted archers and 1,000 cavalry (9,000 in total), while Malichus II supplied a larger auxiliary contingent of 1,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry, mainly archers (6,000 in all). If the ten alae of cavalry mentioned each contained 500 men (5,000 in all), then the grand total adds up to 57,720, which rounds up to the 60,000 mentioned. On the participation of the four allies, see also Tac., Hist. 5.1. Tacitus quantifies their contribution as 20 cohorts, which would only amount to 10,000 and fall short of the 15,000 indicated by Josephus. Cassius Dio (66.4.2) mentions that there were many slingers as well as archers in these cohorts. On the military equipment of the Roman and allied forces, found at (1) Gamala, see Holley 2014; Magness 2014; Stiebel 2014; (2) Herodium, see Stiebel 2015; (3) Masada, see Holley 1994; Stiebel and Magness 2007. Among the items represented among these finds, arrow heads are abundant and there is also archery tackle.

267 On ‘Arabeh (‘Arab in Rabbinic sources), see Rappaport 2013, 44 n. 2.

268 BJ 3.141–288, 316–22. On Jotapata and its excavated remains, see Aviam 2015; 2008, 6*–14*; 2002. The character of this hill-top settlement has been brought to light: the

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