Population, Ethnicity, And Nation-building by Calvin Goldscheider

Author:Calvin Goldscheider [Goldscheider, Calvin]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781000307726
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 2019-07-11T00:00:00+00:00

Ethnicity and Residential Concentration

A major source of continuing ethnicity is the residential concentration of ethnic groups within Israel. This is reflected in regional variation in ethnic Jewish composition, with high levels of continuous Asian-African concentration in development towns, and high levels of European-American populations in wealthier suburbs of cities and in older areas of settlement (Kirshenbaum, 1992). These regional patterns are echoed by ethnic Jewish population concentrations within cities. Evidence from the early 1960s through the 1980s points to an initial segregation by immigrant origins and a continuing segregation by broader ethnic categories. For the recent period, there are trends toward both segregation and integration within Israeli cities. Within the European-American origin population there has been a general decline in the level of segregation, because of mobility of Asian- and Africanorigin families into the higher-status, inner areas of cities. At the same time, small clusters of European-American origin populations in new garden suburban neighborhoods have been joined by people of Asian and African origins. The residential integration trends for Asian and African origin groups have been limited to some geographic areas; some have observed that Asian and African sub-populations increasingly have been segregated within pockets of poverty. Those who have been left behind in the social mobility process have become a hard core poverty group, segregated not only from the Europeans but from the upwardly mobile second-generation Asian and Africans (Klaff, 1977; Gonen, 1985; Kirshenbaum, 1992).

As a result, the ethnic residential map has become more complex over the last several decades. The overlap between ethnicity and poverty is a clear national pattern. Segregation at the development town level has had, and continues to have, negative consequences for some ethnic groups by increasing the socioeconomic gap in Israel through the differential availability of local educational institutions, jobs, and access to the other institutions of society (Spilerman and Habib, 1976; Lipshitz, 1991). The dispersion of immigrants to the national periphery of Israel in the 1950s tended to spread out the population more evenly, but resulted in increased polarization in the distribution of development (Lipshitz, 1991).

A similar process of residential concentration along with a reinforcement of ethnic distinctiveness characterizes the Arab population. Political control over internal migration limited voluntary movements through the mid-1960s; informal constraints continue to limit internal migration.2 Residential segregation among Arab Israelis is nearly total, and much more extensive than among ethnic Jewish groups. There are over 100 communities listed in the Israeli census; all but seven are either totally Arab (35) or totally Jewish (61). The proportion of Arabs in the seven mixed localities ranges from 6 percent to 30 percent (Semyonov and Tyree, 1981; Lewin-Epstein and Semyonov, 1992). The places where Arabs are segregated reveals the differential opportunity structure of Jews and Arabs, and their access to economic markets. Most of the Arab communities are small and rural, where opportunities are scarce and economic development and infrastructure limited. The ecological distribution of health facilities, educational opportunities, and other social and economic investments, combined with geographic isolation and small

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