Marketing Insights from a to Z by Philip Kotler

Author:Philip Kotler
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-12-29T00:00:00+00:00

Loyalty

“Loyalty” is an old-fashioned word describing being deeply committed to one’s country, family, or friends. It came into marketing with the term brand loyalty. But can people be loyal to a brand? Tony O’Reilly, former CEO of H. J. Heinz, proposed this test of brand loyalty: “My acid test ... is whether a housewife, intending to buy Heinz tomato ketchup in a store, finding it to be out of stock, will walk out of the store to buy it elsewhere.”

That some people will be exceptionally loyal to some brands is incontrovertible. The Harley Davidson motorcycle owner won’t switch even if convinced that another brand performs better. Apple Macintosh users won’t switch to Microsoft even if they could gain some advantages. BMW fans won’t switch to Mercedes. We say that a company enjoys high brand loyalty when a sizable number of its customers won’t switch.

Brand loyalty is roughly indicated by the company’s customer retention rate. The average firm loses half its customers in less than five years. Firms with high brand loyalty may lose not more than 20 percent of their customers in five years. But a high retention rate may indicate other things than loyalty. Some customers stay on because of inertia or indifference or being held hostage to long-term contracts.

Building loyal customers requires a company to discriminate. We are not talking about racial, religious, or gender discrimination. We are talking about discriminating between profitable and unprofitable customers. No company can be expected to pay the same attention to an unprofitable customer as to a profitable customer. Smart companies define the types of customers they are seeking who would most benefit from the firm’s offerings; these customers are the most likely to stay loyal. And loyal customers pay back the company in long-term cash flows and in generating a stream of referrals.

Some companies believe that they win customer loyalty by offering a loyalty award program. A loyalty program may be a good feature as part of a customer relationship management program, but many loyalty schemes do not create loyalty. They appeal to the customer’s rational side of accumulating something free but do not necessarily create an emotional bond. How can frequent-flier miles win customer loyalty in the face of canceled flights, overcrowded planes, lost baggage, and indifferent cabin crews? Some programs are disloyalty programs, as when an airline says the points will be lost unless the customer flies within two months.

Companies should reward their loyal customers. Too often, however, companies give a better deal to new customers than to their old customers. Thus a telecom company may offer brand-new handsets and a reduced-price call plan to attract new customers while old customers are stuck with outdated handsets and pay more. Why not offer a trade-in plan for old equipment and a call plan that cost less each year that the customer stays with the company? State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance does this, where each year the insured automobile owner gets a reduced rate if there are no claims.

While every company

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