Legal Change in Post-Communist States by Kaja Gadowska & Peter H Solomon Jr

Author:Kaja Gadowska & Peter H Solomon Jr [Gadowska, Kaja & Solomon, Peter H Jr]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, General
ISBN: 9783838213125
Google: IM9KEAAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 45708185
Publisher: Ibidem Press
Published: 2019-09-30T00:00:00+00:00

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1 In this article “paternalistic view” refers to the officers' views that society is incapable of any crime reduction on its own and needs to be supervised and protected by police from dangerous offenders.

2 According to the International Monetary Fund, gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP in current international dollars constituted $900 billion in 1998, compared with almost $1200 billion in 1992.

3 GKS is an abbreviation for Russian State Statistics Committee; or Gосударственный Коmитет Cтатистики

4 In 2008–2009, Russia lost over $250 billion in foreign investments, and the average annual GDP growth for 2009–2013 is estimated at 1% based on World Bank's data (World Bank, 2018).

5 INDEM stands for Information Science for Democracy Foundation.

6 See Appendix 1 for more information on the interviewees.

7 In most cases, the respondents were asked about a time period immediately preceding their departure from the service. Such a time anchor is known to provide more accurate recollections from the respondents. No respondents were asked to compare two or more time periods to avoid what is known as a “transfusion of memory effect, “when recollections from one period of time are transferred to a different time period in the process of interview (Freedman et al., 1988). However, some respondents choose to provide comparisons on their own that I accepted.

8 According to the data provided by GKS, the number of offenses committed by repeat offenders grew by more than 1.5 times from 274,339 in 1991 to 459,602 in 1995.

9 According to the data provided by GKS, the number of drug-related crimes almost doubled from 53,169 in 1993 to 96,762 in 1995.

10 Pejorative term for soviet police officers used originally by convicted persons only but becoming a mainstream term in early 1990s.

11 A quick search of leading newspaper archive Izvestiya for 1987 returned only 3 articles for “crime.” However, the number of articles in 1990 was 302, and it continued to grow in 1991 (495 articles) and 1992 (468 articles). Data retrieved from archive of newspaper Izevestiya.

12 Partorg is an acronym for a leader of a Communist Party primary organization imbedded in every company, enterprise and institution of the Soviet society.

13 Since 2015, many-foreign affiliated NGOs such as McArthur Foundation and National Endowment for Democracy have been branded “undesirable organizations “ by a new law in Russia, and their local offices were forced to close. The Russian government argued that such organizations were “foreign spies” which try to undermine Russia's national security, defense and constitutional order. It is generally understood that contact with these organizations by police officers nowadays will be threatening to the officer's future career (HRW, 2017).

14 According to Ministry of Finances of Russia, in 2001, 35, 894, 526,500 rubles were allocated for the agencies of interior affairs. In 2012, the MVD budget was estimated at 1,103,000,000,000 rubles. (Ministry of Finances, 2012).

15 According to Artemev, the exodus of qualified cadres from MVD continued in 2002, whereas the numbers of employees with less than three years of experience grew from 21.5% in 2000 to 24.

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