Growing Up Asian American in Young Adult Fiction by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: University Press of Mississippi
Published: 2017-09-15T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. Nikkei refers to anyone of Japanese descent and is used here to include both Japanese nationals (the Issei, or immigrant, generation, who were legally barred from American citizenship) and those who were American-born (generally the Nisei, or second, generation).

2. Many historians and scholars take issue with the use of internment to describe what happened to Nikkei during World War II, though it is still used regularly by nonspecialists and by many Nikkei themselves. Because the government regularly deployed deceptive euphemisms, the issue of terminology is a particularly important one. This chapter primarily uses the following: incarceration rather than internment, incarcerees or prisoners rather than evacuees, and concentration camp rather than internment camp.

3. Trites, Disturbing the Universe, 22.

4. Ibid., 27.

5. Although the majority of the camps had been officially closed down in fall 1945, the Tule Lake camp was not closed until March 1946.

6. See Vandergrif, “A Feminist Perspective,” and Rahn, “Early Images of American Minorities.”

7. Vandergrif, “A Feminist Perspective,” 366.

8. Ibid., 367.

9. Means, Moved-Outers, 20.

10. Ibid., 5.

11. Trites, Disturbing the Universe, 22.

12. Means, Moved-Outers, 73.

13. Ibid., 87.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid., 21.

16. Ibid., 107.

17. Ibid., 117.

18. Ibid., 130.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid., 59.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., 70–71.

23. Ibid., 93.

24. Savin, Moonbridge, 224.

25. Ibid., 211.

26. Ibid., 224.

27. Ibid., 225.

28. Uchida, Journey to Topaz, viii.

29. Moore, Serving Our Country, 70–71.

30. Uchida, Journey to Topaz, 32.

31. Ibid., viii.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid., 3.

34. Ibid., 25.

35. Ibid., 32.

36. Ibid., 79.

37. Ibid., 113.

38. Ibid., 119.

39. Uchida, Journey Home, 68.

40. Uchida, Journey to Topaz, 63.

41. Ibid., 27–28.

42. Uchida, Journey Home, 77.

43. Uchida, Journey to Topaz, 28; Uchida, Journey Home, 78.

44. Uchida, Journey to Topaz, 28.

45. Uchida, Journey Home, 50.

46. Ibid., 78.

47. Ibid., 77.

48. Ibid., 86–87.

49. Ibid., 118.

50. Ibid., 129.

51. Uchida, The Invisible Thread. See also Davis, Begin Here, 176–78.

52. Uchida, Journey Home, 130.

53. Ibid., 131.

54. Conkling, Sylvia and Aki, 17.

55. Ibid., 83.

56. Ibid., 66.

57. Ibid., 84.

58. Ibid., 126.

59. Ibid.

60. Kadohata was awarded the Newbery Medal in 2005 for her young adult novel Kira-Kira (New York: Atheneum, 2004).

61. In a fascinating intertextual allusion, the brothers’ names are taken from those of two characters in John Okada’s great novel No-No Boy. The characters—Ichiro is the eponymous No-No Boy, and Bull is a veteran—represent a deep rift in the Nikkei community that stretches from the war to the present. In the final scene, both Ichiro and Bull realize the futility of their conflict, given the postwar situation.

62. Kadohata, Weedflower, 121.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid., 124.

65. Ibid., 143.

66. Ibid., 159.

67. Ibid., 159–60.

68. Ibid., 160.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid., 181.

71. Ibid., 171–72. Later, Sumiko will watch this girl dancing beautifully in the moonlight, exchanging smiles with the Native boy who is also watching. The girl wants to be a dancer, and “a lot of people thought she was strange” (206). In another intertextual allusion, Kadohata here references ballet dancer Mari Sasagawara in Hisaye Yamamoto’s short story “The Legend of Miss Sasagawara.”

72. Kadohata, Weedflower, 185.

73. Ibid., 196.

74. Ibid., 199.

75. Ibid., 200.

76. Ibid., 202.

77. Ibid., 173.

78. Ibid., 166.

79. Ibid., 215.

80. Ibid., 217.

81. Ibid.

82. Ibid., 218.

83. Ibid., 246.

84. Ibid., 160.

85. Ibid., 254.

86. Ibid., 256.

87. Teorey, “Untangling Barbed Wire Attitudes.

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