Cognitive Superiority by Dean S. Hartley III & Kenneth O. Jobson

Author:Dean S. Hartley III & Kenneth O. Jobson
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030601843
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Computer Networks

The Internet is a network of networks. It uses a set of protocols to support messages between computers, including addressing protocols and domain servers to route the messages.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines slightly more than four billion addresses (232). When you enter a URL for a website, you normally type something like “www.​drdeanhartley.​com,” a set of characters. However, the machinery of the Internet converts this into a numerical address, such as “nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn,” where the numbers between the periods range from 0 to 256, giving the four billion + addresses. A new version of the protocol, IPv6, will have 2128 addresses, approximately 3.4 × 1038 or about 340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 addresses. This huge number of addresses will allow almost everything to be connected—an internet of things.

Some computers and devices are connected directly to a network (hard-wired). These may be connected by coaxial cables, fiber optics or copper wires. The connection method determines (in part) the speed of the connection. Actually, speed is something of a misnomer. The signals all travel near the speed of light; however, the bandwidth differs. That is, the capacity for parallel signals can vary dramatically. Thus, the total amount of information that is transferred per second varies.

Devices may also be connected by cellular telephone technology. The new fifth generation (5G) networks provides higher speed connections than previous generations. It will also allow for direct connections between all of those (almost) innumerable things in the internet of things). The implications and emergent properties are still being pondered as 6G is being envisioned (Davis, 2020).

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