The St. Louis African American Community and the Exodusters by Bryan M. Jack

Author:Bryan M. Jack [Jack, Bryan M.]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: History, General, United States, State & Local, Midwest (IA; IL; IN; KS; MI; MN; MO; ND; NE; OH; SD; WI), Social Science, Ethnic Studies, American, African American & Black Studies, Civil War Period (1850-1877)
ISBN: 9780826266163
Google: eEpipw0FxGwC
Publisher: University of Missouri Press
Published: 2008-02-01T00:26:09+00:00

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1. Missouri Republican, March 21, 1879; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 21, 1879.

2. Missouri Republican, March 21, 1879.

3. Christensen, “Black St. Louis,” 185.

4. Kremer, James Milton Turner, 40–51.

5. Ibid., 46–47; Greene, Kremer, and Holland, Missouri’s Black Heritage, 105.

6. Parrish, A History of Missouri, 149; Kremer, James Milton Turner, 47, 103–4.

7. Nieman, ed., African Americans and the Emergence of Segregation, 364.

8. Christensen, “The Racial Views of John W. Wheeler,” 536.

9. Ibid., 535–41, 547; St. Louis Palladium, November 11, 1905.

10. Missouri Republican, March 21, 1879; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 21, 1879.

11. The Globe-Democrat of the same day states that it was “one of the white ladies in the audience” who restored calm. I have chosen to use the Republican’s statement that it was two African American women because that paper called the women by name and the reporter either knew them or found out who they were. It is possible the Globe-Democrat reporter, who also stated John Wheeler’s name wrong in the same story, did not know the women and assumed that they were white. Missouri Republican, March 21, 1879; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 21, 1879.

12. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 21, 1879.

13. Ibid., March 23, 1879.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Missouri Republican, March 23, 24, 1879.

17. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 23, 1879; Missouri Republican, March 23, 1879.

18. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 23, 25, 1879.

19. Ibid., March 26, 1879.

20. New York Times, April 29, 1879; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 27, 1879.

21. New York Times, April 29, 1879; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 27, 1879.

22. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 5, 1879.

23. New York Times, April 29, 1879; Voorhees Committee Report, pt. 2, 298–99.

24. New York Times, May 10, 1879.

25. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 21, May 29, 1879; Schwendenman, “Saint Louis and the ‘Exodusters,’” 43; New York Times, April 17, 1879.

26. New York Times, April 17, 29, 1879; Kansas Pioneer, April 26, 1879; Grenz, “The Exodusters of 1879,” 54.

27. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 10, May 14, 1879; New York Times, April 29, 1879; Papers of John P. St. John, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.

28. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 26, 1879; New York Times, April 27, 1879.

29. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 29, May 11, 1879.

30. New York Times, April 3, 1879.

31. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 12, 13, 19, 22, 1879; New York Times, April 21, May 10, 1879.

32. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 23, 1879.

33. Ibid., April 4, 9, 15, 19, May 3, 1879; Topeka Tribune, July 8, 1880.

34. New York Times, May 20, July 11, 1879.

35. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 17, 1879; New York Sun quoted in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 13, 1879; New York Times, April 11, 21, 1879.

36. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 14, 19, 29, 1879; Kansas Pioneer, April 19, 1879.

37. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 12, 17, 1879; New York Times, June 25, 1879.

38. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 16, 1879; Douglass, “The Negro Exodus,” 39–43.

39. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 16, 1879; Missouri Republican, May 16, 1879.

40. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 11, 1879; New York Times, April 24, 1879.

41. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 25, May 16, 1879; New York Times, April 25, 1879.

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